1918 


THE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 


AND 


CONDITIONS  ASSOCIATED  WITH 

LONGEVITY 


A  STUDY  OF  Tlii:;  HYDE  GENEALOGY 


ALEXANDER  GRAHAM  BELL 


LIBRARY 
G 


The  Duration  of  Life 

and 
Conditions  Associated  with  Longevity 


A  Study  of  the  Hyde  Genealogy 


BY 
ALEXANDER  GRAHAM  BELL 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  GENEALOGICAL  RECORD  OFFICE 

1601  THIRTY-FIFTH  STREET 

1918 


• 

LiERARf 
G 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 
PRESS  OF  JUDD  &  DETWEII.ER,  INC. 


CONTENTS 


Page 

Introduction 5 

CHAPTER  I :  Period  of  Birth 7 

CHAPTER  II :  Duration  of  Life  of  Persons 8 

CHAPTER  III :  Duration  of  Life  of  Males  and  Females 12 

CHAPTER  IV :  Duration  of  Life  of  Fathers  and  Mothers 20 

CHAPTER  V:  Duration  of  Life  of  Persons  Compared  with  the  Duration  of  Life 

of  Their  Parents 24 

CHAPTER  VI :  Duration  of  Life  of  Fathers  and  Mothers  Compared  with  the  Num- 
ber of  Children  Born  to  Them 34 

CHAPTER  VII :  Duration  of  Life  of  Persons  Compared  with  the  Ages  of  the  Par- 
ents at  Marriage 38 

CHAPTER  VIII:  Duration  of  Life  of  Persons  Compared  with  the  Ages  of  the 

Parents  When  the  Persons  Were  Born 41 

CHAPTER  IX :  Duration  of  Life  of  Persons  Compared  with  the  Number  of  Years 

After  the  Marriage  of  the  Parents  the  Persons  Were  Born 44 

CHAPTER  X:  Duration  of  Life  of  Persons  Compared  with  Number  in  Family 

(Siblings) 46 

CHAPTER  XI :  Conclusion ;  Summary  of  the  Chief  Points  Touched  Upon  in  the 

Preceding  Chapters 49 

Appendix  A 64 


415531 


INTRODUCTION 


THE  following  work  shows  the  results  of  an  attempt  to  utilize  one  of  our  published 
genealogies  for  the  preparation  of  statistics  relating  to  the  duration  of  life  and  to 
conditions  associated  with  longevity. 

The  details  have  been  taken  from  the  "Genealogy  of  the  Hyde  Family"  by  Reu- 
ben H.  Wai  worth,  LL.  D.  (1864),  a  work  relating  to  the  descendants  of  William  Hyde, 
one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Norwich,  Conn.,  who  died  in  1681. 

At  first  sight  it  would  seem  that  but  little  information  of  general  interest  or  value 
could  be  obtained  from  the  records  of  a  single  family ;  but  a  little  consideration  will  show 
that  the  descendants  did  not  constitute  a  single  family  at  all,  and  indeed  had  very  little 
of  the  Hyde  blood  in  them. 

Even  the  children  of  William  Hyde  owed  only  half  of  their  blood  to  him,  and  one- 
half  to  his  wife.  The  grandchildren  owed  only  one-quarter  of  their  blood  to  William 
Hyde,  and  three-quarters  to  other  people,  &c.  The  descendants  of  the  seventh  generation, 
and  there  are  hundreds  of  them,  owed  only  l/64th  of  their  blood  to  William  Hyde,  and 
63/64ths  to  the  new  blood  introduced  through  successive  generations  of  marriages  with 
persons  not  of  the  Hyde  blood  at  all. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  thousands  of  descendants  noted  in  the  Hyde  Genealogy 
constitute  rather  a  sample  of  the  general  population  of  the  country  than  a  sample  of  a  par- 
ticular family  in  which  family  traits  might  be  expected  to  make  their  appearance. 

THE  DATA  FOR  THE  HYDE  STATISTICS 

In  many  cases  we  find  recorded  in  the  Hyde  Genealogy  the  year  of  birth  and  of 
death  of  the  individuals,  and  of  their  fathers  and  mothers,  and  the  date  of  marriage  of 
the  parents.  From  these  details  we  can  calculate  the  age  at  death  of  the  individual,  and 
of  his  parents ;  the  age  of  his  parents  when  he  was  born ;  the  age  of  the  parents  at  mar- 
riage, and  the  number  of  years  after  the  marriage  the  person  was  born.  We  can  also 
ascertain  from  the  published  Genealogy  the  sex  of  the  individual  and  the  number  of  his 
brothers  and  sisters.  These  details  comprise  all  the  data  in  the  Hyde  Genealogy  which 
seemed  to  be  capable  of  statistical  analysis. 

In  making  this  investigation  the  details  were  copied  upon  cards,  so  as  to  facilitate 
the  preparation  of  statistical  tables.  In  all,  8,797  cards  have  been  prepared,  each  relating 
to  an  individual  mentioned  in  the  Hyde  Genealogy. 

From  these  cards  numerous  statistical  tables  have  been  prepared  in  great  detail ;  and 
the  tables  have  been  preserved  in  the  Beinn  Bhreagh  Recorder,  a  typewritten  Record 
Book  for  the  preservation  of  the  more  important  results  of  the  author's  experiments  and 
researches;  and  a  few  copies  have  been  deposited  in  different  places  so  as  to  lessen  the 
danger  of  destruction  by  fire.* 

*One  copy  has  been  deposited  in  the  Library  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington, 
D.  C. ;  another  In  the  Genealogical  Record  Office  for  the  Collection  and  Preservation  of  Gene- 
alogical Records  Pertaining  to  Long  Life  (office  in  the  Volta  Building,  1601  Thirty-fifth  street, 
Washington,  D.  C.) ;  and  the  others  are  in  the  hands  of  private  individuals. 

6 


:  :•'.  •.-•  INTRODUCTION 

As  two  of  the  copies  are  accessible  to  the  public,  it  has  been  thought  well  not  to  bur- 
den the  present  work  with  detailed  tables,  but  only  to  present  short  abstracts  of  the 
tables  bringing  out  the  general  features  and  results,  and  to  refer  those  who  desire  further 
details  to  the  copies  of  the  Beinn  Bhreagh  Recorder  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and 
the  Genealogical  Record  Office. 

A  list  of  the  detailed  tables  that  have  been  preserved  in  the  Beinn  Bhreagh  Recorder 
is  given  in  Appendix  A. 

GRAPHICAL  DIAGRAMS 

In  glancing  over  detailed  statistical  tables  like  those  shown  in  the  Beinn  Bhreagh 
Recorder,  the  mind  is  bewildered  by  the  multiplicity  of  details  that  strike  the  eye,  and  we 
fail  to  get  a  general  impression  of  the  whole. 

If,  however,  we  express  the  figures  by  dots  upon  a  graphical  diagram,  the  details 
are  seen  in  their  proper  relations  to  one  another;  and  if  we  use  large  numbers  and  a 
small  scale,  we  gain  perspective. 

We  obtain,  as  it  were,  a  bi/rdjs-eye  view  of  the  whole  territory  explored,  and  can  note 
the  general  lay  of  the  land,  and  the  relation  of  one  part  to  another  in  a  way  we  could  not 
do  when  traveling  through  the  woods  and  valleys  upon  the  ground. 

A  detailed  statistical  table  brings  us  so  close  to  the  ground  that  we  perceive  details 
rather  than  general  effects.  A  graphical  diagram,  on  the  other  hand,  reveals  generaliza- 
tions and  subordinates  details;  and  the  larger  the  numbers  represented  and  the  smaller 
the  scale  employed,  the  more  do  we  subordinate  detail  to  the  general  effect  as  a  whole. 

For  this  reason  it  has  been  thought  advisable  in  this  work  to  use  graphical  diagrams 
upon  a  small  scale,  to  illustrate  the  tables  presented.  The  diagrams  will  express  the 
generalizations  perceived,  and  the  tables  give  the  details  upon  which  the  generalizations 
are  based. 

The  author  desires  to  express  his  indebtedness  to  Miss  Mabel  B.  McCurdy,  Miss 
Gretchen  Schmidt,  Miss  Catherine  D.  Mackenzie,  Mr.  John  Smallwood,  Mr.  Melville  Bell 
Grosvenor,  and  Mr.  A.  W.  Clime  for  valuable  aid  in  preparing  the  tables  and  diagrams. 


A.  G.  B. 


1331  CONNECTICUT  AVENUE, 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,  November  1,  1917. 


CHAPTER  I 
Period  of  Birth 


This  investigation  relates  to  8,797  persons  mentioned  in  the  Hyde  Genealogy.  In 
7,437  cases  the  year  of  birth  is  known ;  and  in  1,360  cases,  although  the  exact  date  of  birth 
is  unknown,  the  period  of  birth  has  been  approximately  ascertained.  (See  Table  1.) 

TABLE  1. — Period  of  birth  of  8,797  persons,  showing  the  number  and  percentage  born  in  the 

periods  named. 


Period  of  birth- 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Stated  

8797 

100  o 

Before  1750  

869 

9  9 

1750  and  before  1775  

1,463 

16.6 

1775  and  before  1800  

2,471 

28  1 

1800  and  before  1825  

2,592 

29  5 

1825  and  before  1850  

1268 

14  4 

1850  and  after  

134 

1  5 

FIG.  1 

The  majority  of  the  persons  noted  were  born  in  the  eighteenth  century  or  earlier  (68 
cases  in  the  seventeenth  century),  and  the  remainder  were  born  during  the  early  part 
of  the  nineteenth  century.  Very  few  appeared  after  1825. 

The  statistics  thus  relate  mainly  to  generations  that  have  passed  away,  and  very  few 
of  the  people  considered  can  be  now  alive  (1917). 

The  exact  years  of  birth  and  other  details  may  be  ascertained  by  consulting  the 
Beinn  Bhreagh  Recorder,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  133-138;  153-158;  187-219;  319-353;  387-414. 

As  this  investigation  relates  to  the  duration  of  life  and  to  conditions  associated  with 
longevity,  it  is  not  so  important  for  us  to  ascertain  when  the  people  were  born  as  the 
ages  at  which  they  died. 

7 


CHAPTER  II 
Duration  of  Life  of  Persons 


Although  8,797  persons  are  included  in  the  Hyde  Statistics,  the  age  at  death  is  stated 
in  only  2,965  cases.  Aggregate  years  lived,  102,641.  Average  duration  of  life,  34.61 
years.  (B.  B.  Rec.,  IX,  p.  99.) 

In  5,832  cases  the  persons  were  either  living  when  the  Hyde  Genealogy  was  pub- 
lished (1864)  or  the  ages  at  death  could  not  be  ascertained.  For  an  analysis  of  these 
cases  by  "latest  age  known  to  be  living,"  see  B.  B.  Rec.,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  319-353. 

TABLE  2. — Ages  at  death  of  2,965  persons,  by  single  years. 


Age.    Number. 

Age.   Number. 

Age.  Number. 

Age-   Number. 

Age.   Number 

0  237 

20  39 

40  27 

60  27 

80  28 

1  227 

21  42 

41  33 

61  22 

81  36 

2  116 

22  39 

42  26 

62  31 

82  18 

3  70 

23  51 

43  22 

63  19 

83  20 

4  49 

24  42 

44  25 

64  25 

84  17 

5  43 

25  39 

45  34 

65  23 

85  17 

6  30 

26  39 

46  24 

66  29 

86  14 

7  24 

27  33 

47  28 

67  20 

87  10 

8  19 

28  33 

48  28 

68  29 

88  8 

9  17 

29  33 

49  27 

69  20 

89  16 

10  18 

30  36 

50  30 

70  31 

90  8 

11  15 

31  34 

51  31 

71  30 

91  7 

12  23 

32  34 

52  21 

72  18 

92  4 

13  12 

33  31 

53  27 

73  32 

93  4 

14  15 

34  22 

54  27 

74..     24 

94    .   2 

15  20 

35  27 

55  22 

75  13 

95  3 

16  20 

36  29 

56  25 

76  ...  26 

96    .  2 

17  22 

37  37 

57  22 

77  22 

97  i 

18  33 

38  25 

58  22 

78  ...  .20 

98    ... 

19  34 

39  29 

59  24 

79  25 

101  l 

A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY 


t- w 

IX 


FIG.  2 

A  glance  at  the  diagram,  Fig.  2,  enables  us  to  realize  at  once  the  relatively  enor- 
mous number  of  persons  who  died  in  infancy,  before  they  were  one  year  old.  The  number 
who  died  at  the  age  of  one  was  only  slightly  less;  while  the  number  who  died  at  the 
ages  of  two  and  three,  although  considerably  less,  was  still  much  greater  than  the  number 
who  died  at  any  later  age. 

The  diagram  conveys  the  general  impression  that  there  were  critical  periods  in  the 
lives  of  these  persons,  when  the  liability  to  death  was  greater  than  at  other  times. 

The  period  of  early  childhood  was  evidently  a  very  dangerous  period.  After  the 
age  of  three  had  been  safely  passed  the  danger  diminished  very  greatly 'until  the  age  of 
puberty  was  reached.  Then  came  another  dangerous  period,  the  period  of  adolescence, 
reaching  its  maximum  danger  point  at  or  about  the  age  of  twenty-three  years. 

Beyond  this  point  the  curve  pursued  a  substantially  horizontal  direction  with  nu- 
merous oscillations  of  slight  amplitude  until  extreme  old  age  was  reached. 

The  minor  irregularities  of  the  curve,  Fig.  2,  result  largely  from  the  small  num- 
bers involved  in  the  determination  of  any  point  in  the  diagram  and  from  the  largeness 
of  the  scale. 


10 


TEE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 


By  grouping  the  details  together  we  can  secure  larger  figures,  and  by  plotting  them 
upon  a  smaller  scale  we  can  reduce  non-significant  variations  of  the  curve  to  a  very  great 
degree. 

This  is  well  shown  by  Table  3,  illustrated  by  Fig.  3,  in  which  the  ages  at  death  are 
given  by  five-year  periods  instead  of  by  single  years;  and  in  which  the  scale  is  reduced 
to  only  one-tenth  of  what  it  was  in  Fig.  2. 

TABLE  3. — Aget  at  death  of  2,965  persons,  oy  five-year  periods. 


Ages  at  death. 

Number. 

Ages  at  death. 

Number. 

Stated  

2,965 

Under    5  

699 

50  and  under  55  

136 

5  and  under  10  

133 

55  and  under  60  

115 

10  and  under  15  

83 

60  and  under  65  

124 

15  and  under  20  

129 

65  and  under  70  

121 

20  and  under  25  

213 

70  and  under  75  

135 

25  and  under  30  

177 

75  and  under  80  

106 

30  and  under  35  

157 

80  and  under  85  

'      119 

35  and  under  40  

147 

85  and  under  90  

65 

40  and  under  45  

133 

90  and  under  95  

25 

141 

7 

is  i§  if  8  3? 


PIG.  3 


While  the  main  features  of  Fig.  2  reappear  in  the  diagram,  Fig.  3,  the  minor  irreg- 
ularities of  the  curve  (Fig.  2)  are  practically  extinguished,  showing  that  they  have  little  or 
no  significance. 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY 


11 


As  a  general  result,  we  may  note  that  after  the  age-period  20-25  years  had  been 
safely  passed,  Fig.  3,  the  number  of  deaths  for  each  age-period  remained  remarkably  con- 
stant until  extreme  old  age  was  reached. 

In  order  to  obtain  a  bird's-eye  view  of  our  subject,  we  should  of  course  use  the 
largest  figures  available  and  plot  them  upon  a  small  scale. 

In  Table  4  the  ages  at  death  are  given  by  twenty-year  periods  instead  of  by  five- 
year  periods,  as  in  Table  3,  or  by  single  years,  as  in  Table  2.  The  diagram  Fig.  4  thus 
gives  us  a  more  generalized  view  than  the  diagrams  Figs.  3  or  2. 

TABLE  4. — Ages  at  death  of  2,965  persons,  by  twenty-year  periods. 


Ages  at  death. 

Number. 

Per  cent 

Stated  

2,965 

100.0 

Under  20  

1,044 

35.2 

20  and  under  40  

694 

23.4 

40  and  under  60  

525 

17.7 

60  and  under  80  

486 

16.4 

80  and  over  

216 

7.3 

30 


20 


20 


10 


FIG.  4 

From  Table  4  we  learn  that  the  majority  (58.6  per  cent)  of  the  persons  whose 
deaths  are  noted  died  before  they  were  40  years  of  age;  and,  as  has  already  been  stated, 
the  average  age  at  death  of  the  whole  was  only  34.6  years. 

No  less  than  35.2  per  cent  died  in  childhood,  before  reaching  the  age  of  twenty;  and 
only  7.3  per  cent  lived  to  be  eighty  years  of  age  or  older. 

A  characteristic  feature  of  the  curve  in  Fig.  4  is  the  slight  peak  produced  at  the 
age-period  60-80  years. 


CHAPTER  HI 
Duration  of  Life  of  Males  and  Females 


In  the  Hyde  Statistics  the  sex  is  stated  in  8,630  cases;  4,431,  or  51.3  per  cent,  were 
males,  and  4,199,  or  48.7  per  cent,  females.  (B.  B.  Rec.,  VIII,  153.) 

In  2,958  cases  the  sex  and  age  at  death  were  both  stated.  In  these  cases  1,606,  or 
54.3  per  cent,  were  males,  and  1,352,  or  45.7  per  cent,  were  females. 

The  number  of  years  lived  by  the  1,606  males  aggregated  57,531,  and  the  aggregate 
years  lived  by  the  1,352  females  amounted  to  45,119  years. 

Average  duration  of  life :  Males,  35.8  years ;  females,  33.4  years.  The  males,  upon 
the  average,  lived  longer  than  the  females. 

In  Table  5  the  returns  of  males  and  females  are  analyzed  by  age  at  death  by  twenty- 
year  groups,  so  as  to  show  what  proportion  of  the  males  died  during  the  age-periods 
named,  and  what  proportion  of  the  females. 

TABLE  5. — Ages  at  death  of  1,606  males  and  1,352  females,  by  twenty-year  periods,   showing 
the  number  and  proportion  who  died  at  the  age-periods  named. 


Number. 

Per  cent- 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Stated  ' 

1,606 

1,352 

100.0 

100.0 

Under  20.  ... 

545 

492 

33.9 

36.4 

20  and  under  40.... 

348 

346 

21.7 

25.5 

40  and  under  60.  .  .  . 

298 

227 

18.5 

16.8 

60  and  under  80.  ... 

290 

196 

18.1 

14.5 

80  and  over  

125 

,        »1 

7.8 

6.8 

40* 


20 


!0 


40* 


30 


ZO 


10 


20 


tt 

FIG.  5 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY  13 

In  the  diagram,  Fig.  5,  the  continuous  line  refers  to  males,  and  the  broken  line  to 
females ;  and  the  most  characteristic  feature  seems  to  be  the  crossing  of  the  two  lines  in 
the  middle  of  the  diagram,  and  the  consequent  reversal  of  the  relations  of  the  sexes  on 
either  side  of  the  crossing  point. 

It  will  also  be  noticed  that  the  peak  in  the  curve  at  the  60-80  period  of  life  observed 
in  Fig.  4  is  more  pronounced  in  the  case  of  the  males  than  the  females  (see  Fig.  5). 

The  general  result  revealed  by  Fig.  5  seems  to  be  that  a  larger  proportion  of  females 
than  of  males  died  before  reaching  middle  life  and  a  smaller  proportion  afterwards. 

Here  it  may  be  well  to  observe  that  the  diagram  does  not  indicate  that  a  larger 
number  of  females  than  of  males  died  in  the  earlier  periods,  for  this  would  not  be 
true.  A  larger  proportion,  not  a  larger  number.  The  curves  represent  percentages,  not 
absolute  numbers;  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  majority  of  the  persons  who  died  at 
each  of  the  age-periods  named  were  males. 

Take,  for  example,  the  case  of  those  who  died  young :  545  males  and  492  females  died 
before  they  were  twenty  years  old.  Here  the  males  are  in  excess. 

But  545  is  33.9  per  cent  of  1,606  (the  total  number  of  males) ;  and  492  is  36.4  per 
cent  of  1,352  (the  total  number  of  females).  A  larger  proportion  of  the  females  died 
than  of  the  males. 

The  reverse  seems  to  have  been  the  case  where  the  deaths  occurred  in  infancy.  (See 
Table  6.) 

Two  hundred  and  thirty-one  persons  died  in  infancy,  before  they  were  one  year  old. 
Of  these,  142,  or  no  less  than  61.5  per  cent,  were  males ;  and  89,  or  only  38.5  per  cent, 
were  females. 

Such  a  disproportion  between  the  sexes  arises  more  from  the  fact  that  there  were 
more  males  than  females  to  begin  with  (1,606  males,  1,352  females)  than  from  any 
very  much  greater  susceptibility  of  the  males  to  death  at  this  period.  It  is  true  that 
the  susceptibility  was  greater,  but  not  so  great  as  suggested  by  the  above  figures ;  for,  after 
all,  the  proportion  of  males  who  died  during  the  first  year  of  life  before  reaching  the  age 
of  one  was  comparatively  small  (8.8  per  cent) ;  and  the  proportion  of  females  (6.6  per 
cent),  although  smaller,  was  not  so  very  much  less. 

Then,  again,  the  proportion  of  males  who  died  at  the  age  of  one  year  constituted 
8.0  per  cent  of  the  males;  and  the  proportion  of  females  who  died  at  the  same  age  (7.2 
per  cent),  although  less,  was  not  very  much  less.  At  the  age  of  two  the  female  deaths 
began  to  predominate. 


14 


THE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 


TABLE  6. — Ages  at  death  of  1,606  males  and  1,852  females  by  single  years,  showing  the  number 
and  percentage  who  died  in  early  childhood,  under  five,  by  single  years. 


Ages  at  death. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female- 

Stated  

1,606 

142 
128 
62 
38 
23 

393 

1,352 

89 
98 
54 
32 
26 

299 

100.0 

8.8 
8.0 
3.9 
2.4 
1.4 

24.5 

100.0 

6.6 
7.2 
4.0 
2.4 
1.9 

22.1 

Under  1  

1  and  under  2  

2  and  under  3  ...... 

3  and  under  4  

4  and  under  5  

•* 


2 

FIG.  6 


The  excessive  mortality  of  males  was  confined  to  the  period  of  infancy  before  reach- 
ing the  age  of  two.  (See  crossing  point  of  the  male  and  female  lines  in  Fig.  6.) 

As  the  liability  of  males  and  females  to  death  seems  to  have  been  different  at  differ- 
ent periods  of  life,  it  may  be  well  to  examine  the  matter  in  more  detail.  (See  Table  7.) 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY 


15 


TABLE  7. — Ages  at  death  of  1,606  males  and  1,852  females,   by  five-year  periods,  showing  the 
number  and  proportion  who  died  during  the  age-periods  named. 


30# 


Agres  at  death. 

Number. 

Per  cent- 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Stated  

1,606 

1,352 

100.0 

100.0 

Under    5  .... 

393 

299 

24.5 

22.1 

5  and  under  10.  ... 

63 

70 

3.9 

5.2 

10  and  under  15.... 

36 

47 

2.2 

3.5 

15  and  under  20.  ... 

53 

76 

3.3 

5.6 

20  and  under  25  

117 

96 

7.3 

7.1 

25  and  under  30  

86 

91 

5.4 

6.7 

30  and  under  35.... 

74 

83 

4.6 

6.1 

35  and  under  40  

71 

76 

4.4 

5.6 

40  and  under  45  .... 

63 

70 

3.9 

5.2 

45  and  under  50.  ... 

82 

59 

5.1 

4.4 

50  and  under  55.... 

82 

54 

5.1 

4.0 

55  and  under  60.  ... 

71 

44 

4.4 

3.2 

60  and  under  65  

69 

55 

4.3 

4.1 

65  and  under  70.  .  .  . 

79 

42 

4.9 

3.1 

70  and  under  75.... 

81 

54 

5.1 

4.0 

75  and  under  80.  ... 

61 

45 

3.8 

3.3 

80  and  unde*  85  

71 

48 

4.4 

3.6 

85  and  under  90  

37 

28 

2.3 

2.1 

90  and  under  95.  ... 

14 

11 

0.9 

0.8 

3 

4 

0.2 

0.3 

10   15   20   25   30   35   40 
IS   10   Wf   30   35   «0   « 


FIG.  7 


In  Table  7  the  ages  at  death  are  shown  by  five-year  periods  instead  of  by  twenty- 
year  periods,  as  in  Table  5;  and  it  will  be  observed  that  characteristic  fluctuations  of 
the  male  and  female  curves  appear  in  Fig.  7  that  do  not  show  on  the  more  generalized 
diagram,  Fig.  5. 

The  diagram,  Fig.  7,  reveals  characteristic  likenesses  and  differences  of  the  sexes  in 
respect  to  death : 

Likenesses:  The  analysis  by  five-year  periods  brings  out  two  well-marked  periods  of 
life  when  the  danger  of  death  was  greater  than  at  other  times  for  both  sexes.  The  dan- 


16  THE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 

ger  was  greatest  at  the  very  beginning  of  life  and  all  through  the  period  of  early  child- 
hood; and,  in  both  sexes,  a  secondary  maximum  appeared  at  the  age-period  20-25  years. 
This  corresponds  to  the  danger  peak  shown  in  Fig.  2  at  or  about  the  age  of  23  years. 

Differences:  Beginning  at  the  beginning  of  life,  the  danger  of  death  was  greater  for 
the  male  than  the  female  during  the  period  of  infancy  (under  two  years). 

After  the  age  of  two  the  female  was  in  greater  peril  than  the  male  during  the  whole 
period  of  childhood,  at  the  age  of  puberty,  and  during  the  period  of  adolescence  up  to 
the  age-period  20-25  years,  when  the  proportion  who  died  was  about  the  same  in  the  two 
sexes. 

There  is  this  difference,  however,  that  the  age-period  20-25  years  forms,  in  the  male 
curve,  quite  a  sharp  peak,  which  is  absent  in  the  female  curve.  This  is  suggestive  of 
some  cause  of  death  operating  more  powerfully  upon  males  than  females  at  this  period 
of  life. 

The  danger  of  death  continued  to  be  greater  for  the  female  during  the  whole  of 
the  child-bearing  period,  up  to  the  age-period  40-45,  after  which  the  two  lines  crossed. 
This  formed  the  central  crossing  place,  and  then  the  male  line  came  to  the  top. 

After  45  a  larger  proportion  of  males  than  of  females  died  at  each  age-period  until 
the  age-period  90-95  was  reached.  Then,  again,  the  two  lines  crossed;  and  the  few  win- 
ners in  life's  race  who  survived  the  age  of  95  were  largely  females. 

It  is  true  that  this  last  reversal  in  the  relation  of  the  sexes  rests  upon  very  slim 
evidence,  so  far  as  the  Hyde  Statistics  are  concerned.  Only  seven  persons  in  all,  three 
males  and  four  females,  are  noted  who  lived  to  be  95  years  of  age  or  older ;  but  the  grad- 
ual approximation  of  the  male  and  female  lines  after  middle  life  affords  additional  evi- 
dence that  a  real  crossing  point  was  being  approached.  Other  evidence  also  is  avail- 
able which  apparently  demonstrates  that  such  a  reversal  of  the  sexes  at  this  period  of 
life  is  a  real  phenomenon. 

The  records  pertaining  to  long  life,  collected  by  the  Genealogical  Eecord  Office,  in- 
clude returns  from  1,470  nonagenarians  and  centenarians.  (B.  B.  Rec.,  XVIII,  p.  303.) 

For  details,  concerning  the  individual  cases,  see  B.  B.  Rec.,  XVI,  70,  190,  217,  270, 
382;  XVII,  24,  106,  185,  265,  335,  350;  XVIII,  2,  158,  281,  300. 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY 


17 


TABLE  8. — 1,470  Nonagenarians  and  Centenarians,  showing  their  ages  by  five-year  periods,  and 

the  percentage  male  and  female. 


lumber. 

Per  cent- 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Stated  

1,470 

708 

762 

100.0 

48.2 

51.8 

90  and  under    95.... 
.95  and  under  100  

879 
302 
289 

448 
149 
111 

431 
153 

178 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

51.0 
49.3 
38.4 

49.0 
50.7 
61.6 

"0* 


FIG.  8 

These  returns  show  that  the  majority  of  the  persons  who  died  between  the  ages  of 
90  and  95  were  males,  whereas  the  majority  of  those  who  lived  to  be  95  or  older  were 
females. 

Of  course  this,  by  itself,  does  not  necessarily  mean  that  a  larger  proportion  of 
females  than  of  males  survived  the  age  of  95 ;  but  we  may  safely  infer  so  from  the  well- 
known  fact  that  females  constitute  only  a  minority  of  the  whole  population  born. 

With  this  point  in  mind,  the  fact  that  more  females  than  males  live  to  be,  older 
than  95  indicates  that  the  proportion  of  females  living  to  this  great  age  is  really  greater 
than  the  proportion  of  males,  and  thus  affords  confirmatory  evidence  that  the  third 
crossing  point  in  Fig.  7,  at  or  about  the  age-period  90-95,  represents  a  real  reversal  in 
the  relation  of  the  sexes  at  this  period  of  life  in  spite  of  the  smallness  of  the  figures 
which  support  it  in  the  Hyde  Statistics.  . 


The  tables  heretofore  presented  relate  to  deaths;  but  it  might  be  well  before  con- 
cluding this  chapter  upon  sex  to  give  some  attention  to  the  proportion  alive  at  each  age. 


18 


THE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 


TABLE  9. — Duration  of  Ufe  of  1,606  males  and!  1,352  females,  showing  the  number  and  propor- 
tion who  were  alive  at  the  ages  mentioned. 


Ages. 

Number  living:- 

Per  cent  living. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Living  at  birth  

1,606 

1,352 

100.0 

100.0 

Living  at    5  years.. 

1,213 

1,053 

75.5 

77.9 

Living  at  10  years.. 

1,150 

983 

71.6 

72.7 

Living  at  15  years.. 

1,114 

936 

69.4 

69.2 

Living  at  20  years.. 

1,061 

860 

66.1 

63.6 

Living  at  25  years.. 

944 

764 

58.8 

56.5 

Living  at  30  years.  . 

858 

673 

53.4 

49.8 

Living  at  35  years  .  . 

784 

590 

48.8 

43.7 

Living  at  40  years.. 

713 

514 

44.4 

38.1 

Living  at  45  years.. 

650  , 

444 

40.5 

32.9 

Living  at  50  years  .  . 

568 

385 

35.4 

28.5 

Living  at  55  years.. 

486 

331 

30.3 

24.5 

Living  at  60  years.. 

415 

287 

25.9 

21.3 

Living  at  65  years.. 

346 

232 

21.6 

17.2 

Living  at  70  years.. 

267 

190 

16.7 

14.1 

Living  at  75  years.. 

186 

136 

11.6 

10.1 

Living  at  80  years.. 

125 

91 

7.8 

6.8 

Living  at  85  years.  . 

54 

43 

3.4 

3.2 

Living  at  90  years.  . 

17 

15 

1.1 

1.1 

Living  at  95  years.. 

3 

4 

0.2 

0.3 

-GO* 


Jf       f       10       It      tO      15      *»       M     40      .<H      ft      Off      to      6S      70       7S      fa      •*      80       M 

FIG.  9 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY  19 

Table  9  shows  the  number  and  proportion  of  the  males  and  females  who  were  alive 
at  the  ages  stated,  and  the  results  are  shown  graphically  in  Fig.  9. 

Starting  at  birth  (B),  when  the  whole  (100  per  cent)  of  the  males  and  females 
appeared,  both  sexes  were  cut  down  very  severely  during  the  first  few  years  of  life,  so 
that  at  the  age  of  five  only  77.9  per  cent  of  the  females  remained  alive,  and  a  still 
smaller  percentage  of  the  males  (75.5  per  cent).  Between  one-fourth  and  one-fifth  of 
the  whole  number  born  had  disappeared  before  the  age  of  five  had  been  reached. 

At  ten  years  of  age  the  proportion  of  females  surviving  was  still  slightly  greater 
than  the  proportion  of  males ;  but  at  fifteen  years  of  age  both  sexes  were  upon  an  equality 
again.  About  69  per  cent  of  each  sex  were  living  at  fifteen  years  of  age. 

Here  the  lines  crossed ;  and  the  proportion  who  lived  to  be  twenty  years  of  age  was 
greater  among  the  males  than  the  females.  A  larger  proportion  of  males  than  of  females 
lived  to  adult  life. 

During  the  whole  of  adult  life  the  male  population  was  cut  down  at  a  remarkably 
regular  rate  until  the  age  of  ninety  years  was  reached. 

The  female  population,  after  reaching  the  age  of  twenty-five,  was  cut  down  at  a 
sensibly  greater  rate  than  the  males,  the  two  lines  diverging  from  one  another,  until,  at 
or  about  the  age  of  forty-five,  the  maximum  divergence  occurred.  This  divergence  un- 
doubtedly resulted  from  dangers  to  which  the  females  were  exposed  during  the  child- 
bearing  period,  which  did  not  affect  the  male  population  at  all. 

After  the  age  of  forty-five  the  two  lines  gradually  approached  one  another  until  at 
the  age  of  ninety  they  crossed.  During  this  period  the  male  line  continued  its  steady 
downward  course  without  fluctuation.  Indeed,  it  formed  almost  a  straight  line  from  the 
age  of  twenty-five  to  ninety.  The  fluctuations  appeared  in  the  female  line  alone.  From 
the  age  of  forty-five  to  ninety  the  females  died  off  at  a  sensibly  less  rate  than  the  males, 
with  the  result  that  at  about  the  age  of  ninety  years  the  proportion  of  males  and  females 
living  was  again  about  the  same  (1.1  per  cent). 

At  this  age  the  lines  crossed,  and  the  proportion  of  females  who  lived  to  be  ninety- 
five  years  of  age  or  older  was  greater  than  the  proportion  of  males. 

Can  we  reach  any  general  conclusion  respecting  the  relative  duration  of  life  of  the 
males  and  females?  Was  the  vitality  of  the  male,  for  example,  superior  to  that  of  the 
female  or  vice  versa? 

The  Hyde  Statistics  afford  a  double  answer  to  the  question. 

The  answer  depends  upon  whether  we  take  the  average  duration  of  life  or  the  abso- 
lute duration  as  our  test  of  vitality. 

If  the  average  duration  of  life  is  our  test,  then  the  vitality  of  the  male  was  un- 
doubtedly superior;  for  he  lived,  upon  the  average,  to  a  greater  age  (males,  35.8  years; 
females,  33.4  years). 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  ability  to  live  to  extreme  old  age  be  taken  as  the  test,  the 
vitality  of  the  female  was  superior;  for,  although  females  formed  only  a  minority  of  the 
whole  population  born,  they  constituted  the  majority  of  those  who  lived  to  be  ninety- 
five  years  of  age  or  older. 

It  should  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  people  who  lived  to  this  advanced  age 
constituted  only  a  very  small  proportion  of  the  total  population  born,  less  than  one-third 
of  1  per  cent ;  and  the  question  arises :  Are  we  justified  in  judging  the  whole  by  so  small 
a  part? 


CHAPTER  IV 

Duration  of  Life  of  Fathers  and  Mothers 


The  Hyde  Statistics  contain  details  concerning  8,797  persons,  and  in  5,024  cases  the 
father's  age  at  death  is  stated.  Average  age  at  death  of  father,  67.7  years. 

In  3,958  cases  the  mother's  age  at  death  was  known.  Average  age  at  death  of 
mother,  64.4  years. 

The  fathers,  on  the  average,  lived  longer  than  the  mothers. 

Here  it  may  be  well  to  observe  that  the  figures  do  not  indicate  the  number  of  fathers 
and  mothers.  There  were  not,  for  example,  5,024  fathers,  but  5,024  persons  who  had 
fathers  whose  ages  at  death  were  known.  Many,  if  not  most,  of  these  persons  were  alive 
when  the  Genealogy  was  published,  but  their  fathers  were  dead.  Some  of  them  un- 
doubtedly had  the  same  father,  so  that  it  is  perfectly  certain  that  there  were  not  5,024 
fathers  in  all,  but  a  very  much  smaller  number.  The  same  remarks  apply  to  the  moth- 
ers. There  were  not  3,958  mothers,  but  a  very  much  smaller  number.* 

Under  these  circumstances  it  may  perhaps  be  well  to  explain  how  the  average  ages 
at  death  have  been  ascertained.  Take  the  cases  of  the  fathers  for  example: 

The  ages  of  the  fathers  are  simply  added  together  just  as  though  each  of  the  5,024 
persons  had  a  separate  and  distinct  father,  different  from  the  others.  By  this  process 
we  arrive  at  the  "aggregate  years  lived  by  the  fathers,"  namely,  340,271  years.  Divid- 
ing this  by  the  number  of  persons  (5,024),  we  reach  67.7  years  as  the  average  father's 
age  at  death. 

Here  the  objection  may  be  raised  that,  because  some  of  the  persons  have  the  same 
father,  "the  aggregate  years  lived  by  the  fathers"  is  not  correct.  This  criticism,  how- 
ever, does  not  apply  to  "the  average  age  at  death." 

Supposing,  for  example,  that  ten  persons  are  reported  whose  fathers  lived  to  be 
70  years  of  age,  and  let  them  turn  out  to  be  all  of  them  the  children  of  the  same  father. 

We  put  down  the  aggregate  years  lived  by  the  fathers  as  700  (although,  of  course, 
no  single  father  lived  to  be  700  years  of  age) ;  and,  dividing  700  by  10  (the  number  of 
persons),  we  arrive  at  the  conclusion  that  the  average  father  in  these  cases  lived  to  be 
70  years  of  age.  This,  of  course,  is  correct,  whether  there  were  ten  fathers  or  only  one. 

In  3,958  cases  we  know  the  age  of  the  mother  at  death.  By  a  similar  process  we 
find  the  aggregate  years  lived  by  the  mothers  to  be  254,919,  and  the  average  age  at  death 
64.4  years. 


*  A  re-examination  of  these  cases  shows  that  the  actual  number  of  fathers  involved  was 
only  about  795,  and  the  actual  number  of  mothers  about  671.  Average  duration  of  life : 
Fathers,  65.0  years;  mothers,  60.8  years. 

The  higher  averages  arrived  at  in  this  chapter  result  from  the  fact  that  the  older  fathers 
and  mothers  were  the  most  fertile,  and  left  more  descendants  behind  them,  proportionately, 
than  the  others.  (See  Chapter  VI.) 

20 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY 


21 


Table  10  shows  the  number  and  percentage  of  persons  having  fathers  and  mothers 
who  died  at  the  age-periods  named. 

TABLE  10. — Analysis  of  5,024  persons,  showing  the  number  and  proportion  having  fathers  who 
died  at  the  age-periods  mentioned;  also  3,958  persons,  showing  the  number  and  proportion 
having  mothers  who  died  at  the  age-periods  mentioned. 


Father's  age  at  death. 

Persons  whose 
fathers  died  at  the 
age-periods  named. 

Mother's  age  at  death- 

Persons  whose 
mothers  died  at  the 
age-periods  named. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Per  cent- 

Stated  

5,024 

100.0 

Stated  

3,958 

3 
442 
1,005 
1,597 
905 
6 

100.0 

0.1 
11.2 
25.4 
40.3 
22.9 
0.1 

Under    20  

Under    20  

20  mid  under    40  

188 
1,246 
2,340 
1.250 

3.7 
24.8 
46.6 
24.9 

20  and  under    40  

40  and  under    60  

40  and  under    60  

60  and  under    80  

60  and  under    80  

80  and  under  100  

80  and  under  100  

100  and  over 

100  and  over  

! 

FIG.  10 

In  Fig.  10  the  continuous  line  refers  to  fathers  and  the  broken  line  to  mothers. 

Likenesses:  The  two  lines  resemble  one  another  in  coming  to  a  sharp  peak  at  the 
age-period  60-80,  showing  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  persons  (over  40  per  cent) 
had  fathers  and  mothers  who  died  between  60  and  80. 

Differences:  No  persons  are  noted  whose  fathers  died  before  twenty  years  of  age  or 
after  one  hundred ;  whereas  there  were  persons  whose  mothers  died  at  these  age-periods, 
so  that  the  line  for  the  mothers  extends  further  at  either  end  than  the  line  for  the  fathers. 


22  THE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 

The  proportion  having  mothers  who  died  before  forty  is  greater  than  the  proportion 
having  fathers  who  died  during  that  period. 

The  lines  cross  at  the  age-period  40-60,  and  the  proportion  having  mothers  who  died 
after  sixty  years  of  age  is  less  than  the  proportion  having  fathers  up  to  the  age-period 
80-100. 

Here  the  fathers'  line  stops;  whereas  the  mothers'  line  goes  on,  indicating  that  the 
lines  cross  again  in  old  age,  and  that  a  larger  proportion  of  persons  had  mothers  who 
lived  to  extreme  old  age  than  fathers. 

The  fathers,  of  course,  were  males,  and  the  mothers  females,  and  it  is  interesting  to 
compare  the  results  noted  for  fathers  and  mothers  with  those  arrived  at  in  Chapter  III 
for  males  and  females  generally.  For  example,  compare  Fig.  10  with  Fig.  5. 

In  Fig.  10,  relating  to  parents,  both  the  male  and  female  lines  rise  to  a  sharp  peak 
at  the  age-period  60-80,  and  slope  down  rapidly  on  either  side.  In  Fig.  5,  however,  the 
60-80  period  shows  as  only  a  very  subordinate  peak,  and  both  the  male  and  female  lines 
slope  up  rapidly  to  the  left. 

In  interpreting  this  result,  we  may  say  that  Fig.  5  indicates  that  a  very  large  per- 
centage both  of  males  and  females,  in  fact  the  majority  of  them,  died  before  forty  years 
of  age;  whereas  Fig.  10  shows  that  only  a  small  percentage  had  fathers  or  mothers  who 
died  before  forty.  The  explanation  of  this  difference  is  obvious  when  we  consider  the 
undoubted  fact  that  no  married  people  died  in  infancy  or  early  childhood;  whereas, 
among  males  and  females  generally,  the  majority  died  in  the  earlier  years  of  life. 

There  is  another  difference  between  Fig.  5  and  Fig.  10  that  is  worthy  of  note.  Fig.  5 
shows  that  only  a  small  percentage  of  the  males  and  females  lived  to  be  eighty  years  of  age 
or  older  (7.8  per  cent  of  the  males  and  6.8  per  cent  of  the  females) ;  jvhereas  Fig.  10 
indicates  that  the  percentage  having  fathers  and  mothers  who  lived  to  be  old  was  quite 
large:  24.9  per  cent  had  fathers  and  23.0  per  cent  had  mothers  who  lived  to  be  eighty 
or  older. 

We  have  hitherto  considered  the  ages  at  death  of  the  fathers  and  mothers,  and  it 
may  be  well  now  to  examine  the  number  and  proportion  having  fathers  and  mothers  who 
were  alive  at  the  different  ages  stated. 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY 


23 


TABLE  11. — Analysis  of  5,02%  persons,  showing  the  number  and  proportion  having  fathers  who 
were  living  at  the  ages  specified;  also  analysis  of  3,958  persons,  showing  the  number  and 
proportion  having  mothers  who  were  living  at  the  ages  specified. 


Ages  of  parents. 

Persons  whose 
fathers  were  living 
at  the  ages  specified. 

Persons  whose 
mothers  were  living 
at  the  ages  specified. 

Number. 

Per  cent- 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Living  at  birth  

5,024 
5,024 
5,024 
5,024 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

3,958 
3,958 
3,958 
3,958 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

Living  at  5  years.. 
Living  at  10  years.. 
Living  at  15  years.. 

Living  at  20  years.. 
Living  at  25  years.  . 
Living  at  30  years  .  . 
Living  at  35  years.. 

5,024 
5,019 
5,006 
4,918 

100.0 
99.9 
99.7 
97.9 

3,955 
3,933 
3,832 
3,723 

99.9 
99.4 
96.8 
94.0 

Living  at  40  years.. 
Living  at  45  years  .  . 
Living  at  50  years.. 
Living  at  55  years  .  . 

4,836 
4,663 
4,385 
3,986 

96.3 
92.9 
87.4 
79.4 

3,513 
3,285 
3,047 

2,778 

88.7 
82.9 
76.9 
70.1 

Living  at  60  years.. 
Living  at  65  years.. 
Living  at  70  years.. 
Living  at  75  years.. 

3,590 
3,110 
2,604 
1,901 

71.5 
62.0 
51.9 
37.9 

2,508 
2,165 
1,808 
1,426 

63.3 
54.6 
45.6 
36.0 

Living  at  80  years.. 
Living  at  85  years.. 
Living  at  90  years.. 
Living  at  95  years.. 

1,250 
542 
154 
21 

24.9 
10.8 
3.1 
0.4 

911 
417 
157 
57 

23.0 
10.5 
3.9 
1.4 

Living  at  100  years.  . 



.... 

6 

0.1 

100% 


tf     3«       33      *0       <J      ft       ff     ««       «•      79      K      90      «S     .M     '»J.     100 


S4  THE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 

Fig.  11  shows  that  all  of  the  fathers  were  living  at  the  age  of  twenty  and  nearly 
all  of  the  mothers  (99.9  per  cent  had  mothers  who  were  living  at  twenty). 

From  this  point  onwards  the  proportion  having  fathers  living  at  the  different  ages 
named  was  greater  than  the  proportion  having  mothers  right  up  to  old  age ;  but  the  lines 
cross  between  eighty-five  and  ninety  years,  and  the  proportion  having  mothers  who  lived 
to  be  ninety  years  of  age  or  over  was  greater  than  the  proportion  having  fathers  who  lived 
to  be  so  old. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  Fig.  11,  relating  to  fathers  and  mothers,  with  the  corre- 
sponding Fig.  9,  concerning  males  and  females  generally. 


CHAPTER  V 

Duration  of  Life  of  Persons  Compared  with  the  Duration  of 
Life  of  Their  Parents 


FATHERS 

There  were  2,287  cases  in  which  the  ages  at  death  of  the  persons  and  the  ages  at 
death  of  their  fathers  were  stated;  and  Table  12  shows  what  proportion  of  the  persons 
had  fathers  who  died  at  the  various  age-periods  named. 

TABLE  12. — Analysis  of  2,287  cases  in  which  the  ages  at  death  of  the  persons  and  of  their  fathers 
were  both  stated;  analysis  by  person's  age  at  death,  showing  the  number  and  percentage 
having  fathers  who  died  at  the  age-periods  named. 


Person's  age  at  death. 

Father's  age  at  death. 

Stated. 

-40 

40-60 

60-80 

80+ 

Stated  

2,287 

669 
538 
467 
428 
185 

66 

20 
18 
12 
13 
3 

522 

189 
140 
116 
57 
20 

1,056 

299 
269 
215 
196 

77 

643 

161 
111 
124 
162 

85 

Under  20  

20  and  under  40.  ........ 

40  and  under  60  

60  and  under  80  

Percentages. 

Stated  

100.0 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

2.9 

3.0 
3.4 
2.6 
3.0 
1.6 

22.8 

28.2 
26.0 
24.8 
13.3 
10.8 

46.2 

44.7 
50.0 
46.0 
45.8 
41.6 

28.1 

24.1 
20.6 
26.6 
37.5 
46.0 

Under  20.  

20  and  under  40  

40  and  under  60  

60  and  under  80  

80  and  over  

A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY  25 


fttt«**ftH9     a     18     **«££*     s     tt     IS     ¥ 

FIG.  12 

NOTE. — ,Fir«£  dot  in  each  diagram  shows  the  percentage  having  fathers  who  died  — 40. 
Second  dot  the  percentage  having  fathers  who  died  40-60.  Third  dot  the  percentage  having 
fathers  who  died  60-80.  Fourth  dot  the  percentage  having  fathers  who  died  80+« 

Fig.  12  contains  a  series  of  five  diagrams.  The  first  refers  to  persons  who  died 
young  (under  20) ;  the  last  relates  to  persons  who  lived  to  be  old  (80-|-) ;  and  the 
intermediate  diagrams  refer  to  persons  who  died  during  the  intermediate  age-periods 
named. 

Likenesses:  The  curves  all  agree  in  rising  very  rapidly  to  the  third  dot,  which  indi- 
cates the  percentage  having  fathers  who  died  between  sixty  and  eighty  years  of  age. 

In  most  of  the  diagrams  the  60-80  period  forms  quite  a  sharp  peak,  the  lines  slop- 
ing downwards  on  either  side ;  but,  in  the  last  diagram,  the  fourth  dot  is  distinctly  higher 
than  the  third. 

Differences:  The  chief  differences  relate  to  the  position  of  the  fourth  dot  relatively 
to  the  others.  The  fourth  dot  exhibits  a  systematic  displacement  upwards  as  we  proceed 
from  one  diagram  to  the  other. 

If  we  imagine  the  line  connecting  the  third  and  fourth  dots  to  be  pivoted  upon  the 
third  dot  as  an  axis,  then,  as  we  proceed  from  the  first  to  the  last  diagram,  this  line 
seems  to  show  a  tendency  to  swing  upwards  to  the  right  like  the  hand  of  a  watch  mov- 
ing in  the  wrong  direction,  until,  in  the  last  diagram,  the  fourth  dot  proves  to  be  distinctly 
higher  than  the  third. 

This  gradual  displacement  upwards  of  the  fourth  dot  seems  to  be  the  chief  character- 
istic of  the  whole  series  of  curves. 

Interpretation:  The  fourth  dot  represents  the  percentage  having  fathers  who  lived  to 
be  old  (80+). 

The  gradual  and  systematic  displacement  upwards  of  this  fourth  dot  indicates  that 
the  proportion  having  fathers  who  lived  to  be  old  increased  with  the  length  of  life  of  the 
individual.  The  persons  who  lived  the  longest  had  the  largest  proportion  of  long-lived 
fathers. 


26  TEE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 

MOTHERS 

In  Table  13  the  indications  are  still  more  clear  of  a  correlation  between  the  duration 
of  life  of  the  individual  and  the  duration  of  life  of  his  mother. 

TABLE  13. — Analysis  of  1,805  cases  in  which  the  ages  at  death  of  the  persons  and  of  their 
mothers  were  both  stated;  analysis  by  person's  age  at  death,  showing  the  number  and  per- 
centage having  mothers  who  died  at  the  age-periods  named. 


Person's  age  at  death. 

Mother's  age  at  death. 

Stated. 

-40 

40-60 

60-80 

80-1- 

Stated  

1,805 

511 
407 
379 
360 
148 

191 

88 
42 
27 
26 

8 

435 

129 
104 
92 
80 
30 

713 

199 
176 
159 
129 
50 

466 

95 
85 
101 
125 
60 

Under  20  

40  and  under  60  

60  and  under  80  

80  and  over  

Percentages. 

Stated  

100.0 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

10.6 

17.2 
10.3 
7.1 
7.2 
5.4 

24.1 

25.2 
25.6 
24.3 
22.2 
20.3 

39.5 

39.0 
43.2 
42.0 
35.9 
33.8 

25.8 

18.6 
20.9 
26.6 
34.7 
40.5 

Under  20.  

20  and  under  40  

40  and  under  60  

60  and  under  80  

80  and  over  

511 

persons 
died 
—  20 


407 
persons 

died 
20-40 


379 
persons 

died 
40-60 


360 
persons 

died 
60-80 


t*      * 


*      *     3      8      *      a 
FIG.  13 


NOTE. — First  dot  in  each  diagram  shows  the  percentage  having  mothers  who  died  — 40. 
Second  dot  the  percentage  having  mothers  who  died  40-60.  Third  dot  the  percentage  having 
mothers  who  died  60-80.  Fourth  dot  the  percentage  having  mothers  who  died  80+. 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY  37 

In  Fig.  13,  not  only  do  the  fourth  dots  form  a  progressively  rising  series,  but  the 
first  dots  a  progressively  descending  series.  See  the  broken  lines  connecting  the  diagrams. 

The  first  dot  in  each  diagram  represents  the  percentage  having  mothers  who  died 
early  in  life  (under  40  years),  and  the  fourth  dot  expresses  the  percentage  having  moth- 
ers who  lived  to  be  old  (80+). 

The  persons  who  died  young  (see  first  dia- 
gram in  Fig.  13)  had  a  larger  proportion  of 
mothers  who  died  early  in  life  than  the  per- 
sons who  lived  to  be  old  (last  diagram),  and 
the  persons  who  died  at  the  intermediate  age- 
periods  had  an  intermediate  proportion  of 
mothers  who  died  under  forty.  Thus  the 
broken  line  connecting  the  first  dots  in  the 
diagrams  forms  a  progressively  descending 
line. 

We  may  interpret  this  to  mean  that  the  persons  who  died  young  (under  twenty)  had 
a  larger  proportion  of  short-lived  mothers  than  the  persons  who  died  at  any  later  period 
of  life. 

The  persons  who  lived  to  be  old  (see  last  dia- 
.  gram  in  Fig.  13)  had  a  larger  proportion  of 

mothers  who  lived  to  be  old  than  the  persons 

who  died  young  (see  first  diagram),  and  the 

persons  who  died  at  the  intermediate  age- 
periods  had  an  intermediate  proportion  of 

mothers  who  lived  to  be  old.  Thus  the  broken 

line  connecting  the  last  dots  in  the  diagrams 

forms  a  progressively  ascending  line. 

This  indicates  that  the  persons  who  lived  to  be  old  had  a  larger  proportion  of  long- 
lived  mothers  than  the  persons  who  died  at  any  earlier  period  of  life. 

There  was  thus  a  distinct  correlation  between  the  duration  of  life  of  the  individual 
and  the  duration  of  life  of  his  mother. 

BOTH  PARENTS 

There  were  1,594  cases  in  which  the  ages  at  death  of  the  persons  and  the  ages  at 
death  of  both  parents  were  known.  (For  detailed  table  showing  the  individual  ages  at 
death  of  these  persons  and  of  their  fathers  and  mothers,  see  B.  B.  Bee.,  Vol.  XII,  pp. 
239-269.) 

One  hundred  and  thirty-nine  of  these  persons,  or  8.7  per  cent,  lived  to  be  eighty 
years  of  age  or  older. 


THE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 


TABU:  14. — Analysis  of  1,594  cases  in  which  the  ages  at  death  of  the  persons  and  of  both  of 
their  parents  were  stated,  showing  the  number  and  percentage  of  persons  who  lived  to  be 
eighty  years  of  age  or  older. 


Age  at  death  of  parents. 

Number  of 
persons. 

Number  of 
persons  lived 
80-f-. 

Per  cent  of 
persons  lived 
80+. 

Stated  

| 
1,594 

139 

8.7 

Lived  to  be  80-f: 
Neither  parent  

827       i 

44 

5.3 

583 

57 

9.8 

Both  parents  

184 

38 

20.6 

337 

38 

11.3 

Mother  (not  father)  

246 

19 

7.7 

PERCENTAGE  OF  PERSONS  WHO  LIVED  TO  BE  80+ 


2S% 


M% 


IS 


10 


I 


10 


NEITHER 
PARENT 


ONE 
PARENT 


BOTH 
PARENTS 


FATHER,          MOTHER, 

NOT  NOT 

MOTHER  FATHER 


LIVED  TO  BE  80+ 


FIG.  14 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY  29 

In  Table  14  the  1,594  persons  are  divided  into  three  groups : 

Where  neither  parent  lived  to  be  eighty,  5.3 
per  cent  of  the  persons  lived  to  be  eighty  or 
older  (827  cases). 

Where  one  parent  (but  not  the  other)  lived 
to  be  eighty  or  older,  9.8  per  cent  of  the  per- 
sons lived  to  be  eighty  or  older  (583  cases). 
Where  both  parents  lived  to  be  eighty  or 
older,  20.6  per  cent  of  the  persons  lived  to  be 
eighty  or  older  (184  cases). 

We  have  here  indubitable  evidence  that  heredity  was  involved  in  the  production  of 
ongevity  in  these  cases. 

The  tendency  to  longevity  seems  to  have  been  inherited  more  strongly  through  the 
'ather  than  the  mother. 

Where  the  father  (but  not  the  mother)  lived 
to  be  eighty  or  older,  11.3  per  cent  of  the  per- 
sons lived  to  be  eighty  or  older  (337  cases). 
Where  the  mother  (but  not  the  father)  lived 
to  be  eighty  or  older,  7.7  per  cent  of  the  per- 
sons lived  to  be  eighty  or  older  (246  cases). 

Another  point  revealed  by  Table  14  is  well  worthy  of  study.    Considering  the  1,594 

jases  as  a  whole,  we  find  that  only  8.7  per  cent  of  these  persons  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older. 

It  is  therefore  somewhat  surprising  to  find  that  no  less  than  767  of  these  persons, 

>r  48.1  per  cent  (nearly  one-half  of  the  whole),  had  parents  who  lived  to  be  eighty  or 

>lder. 

Fathers  (not  mothers),  337;  mothers  (not 
fathers),  246;  both  parents,  184;  total,  767 
cases. 

The  importance  of  heredity  as  a  factor  in  producing  longevity  is  so  obvious  as  to 
justify  a  more  detailed  examination  of  the  cases  referred  to. 


30 


THE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 


TABLE  15. — Analysis  of  1,594  cases  in  which  the  age  at  death  and  the  fathers'  and  mothers'  ages 
at  death  are  all  stated,  showing  the  number  of  persons  having  fathers  and  mothers  who 
died  at  the  age  periods  named,  and  the  average  duration  of  life  of  the  persons  and  of  their 
fathers  and  mothers. 


Age  of  parents  at  death- 

Number 
of 
cases. 

Aggregate  years  lived 

Average  years  lived 

By 

persons. 

By 

fathers. 

By 

mothers- 

By 

persons. 

By 

fathers. 

By 

mothers. 

Fathers- 

Mothers. 

Stal 

—60 
—60 
—60 

ed.  ...... 

1,594 

128 
120 
74 

64,717 

4,202 
4,010 
2,689 

113,057 

6,518 
6,140 
3,726 

105,214 

5,688 
8,526 
6,421 

40.6 

32.8 
33.4 
36.3 

70.9 

50.9 
51.2 
50.3 

66.0 

44.4 
71.0 
86.8 

—60 
60-80 

80+ 

60-80 
60-80 
60-80 

—60 
60-80 
80+ 

251 
328 
172 

8,984 
12,477 
7,737 

16,947 
23,467 
12,140 

10,814 
23,278 
14,700 

35.8 
38.0 
45.0 

67.5 
71.5 
70.6 

43.1 
71.0 

85.5 

80+ 
80+ 
80+ 

—60 
60-80 
80+ 

131 
206 
184 

5,541 
9,384 
9,693 

11,154 
17,391 
15,574 

5,912 
14,423 
15,452 

42.3 
45.5 
52.7 

85.1 
84.4 
84.6 

45.1 
70.0 
84.0 

NUMBER  OF  CASES 


CONDENSED  TABLE 

AVERAGE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 


A6£   AT   OfATH 
6O-80         80-+- 


—  6O 


A&f   AT     DEATH 
60-8O         8O-I- 


> 

a 

Jo 

131 

206 

184 

fr» 

0 

N 

«0 

0) 

*A 

^8 

251 

328 

172 

$0 
K(l 

128 

120 

74 

51 

42.3 

45.5 

52.7 

+£ 
o< 

ODjg 

h 

K 

35.8 

38.0 

45.0 

08 

** 

32.8 

33.4 

363 

| 

A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY 


31 


Plan  for  a  three  dimensional  diagram  illustrating  Table  15 


•A'gf     AT    Of  ATM 

310  BIO  Tto  e)o  en  K 

.  i  nli  11.1.11111  ml  Huh  MI  In.  71.  i  ill,  ti.  I  MM  I.. n 


ft         .         l»         .         l»  3»         ,        4K> 

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H 


K    : 

41 
Si 


1J 

*- 


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-8 

-S 


••3S« 


•«3J8 


••i»'xiiii-iiiarr»"Tr  TTar  '  ,r  "^r*^; 

Mornt*!s   Ast  AT 
FIG.  15 


FIG.  15a 
Photograph  of  a  stereogram  or  three  dimensional  diagram  illustrating  Table  15 

NOTE. — Three  dimensional  diagram:  The  horizontal  components  indicate  the  average  dura- 
tion of  life  of  the  fathers  and  mothers,  and  the  vertical  component  the  average  duration  of  life 
of  the  offspring. 

For  example,  take  the  lowest  dot  on  the  left-hand  side  of  the  diagram,  Fig.  15o.  The  ver- 
tical height  of  this  dot  above  the  plane  of  the  paper  is  32.8,  upon  the  scale  adopted,  and  this 
means  that  the  persons  in  this  group  lived  on  the  average  32.8  years.  The  horizontal  com- 
ponents of  this  dot  are  shown  in  Fig.  15  and  indicate  upon  the  same  scale  the  average  ages 
at  death  of  the  fathers  and  mothers ;  fathers  50.9  years,  mothers  44.4  years. 

Or,  again,  take  the  highest  dot  on  the  right-hand  side  of  the  diagram  15a.  The  vertical 
height  is  52.7,  indicating  that  the  persons  represented  in  this  group  lived  on  the  average  52.7 
years.  By  reference  to  Fig.  15  the  horizontal  components  are  seen  to  be  fathers  84.6  years, 
mothers  84.0  years. 

In  Fig.  15a  this  point  forms  quite  an  elevated  peak,  indicating  that  the  offspring  of  parents, 
both  of  whom  lived  to  be  old,  were  very  much  longer  lived  on  the  average  than  the  offspring 
of  parents  who  died  at  earlier  periods  of  life. 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY  33 

The  1,594  persons  referred  to  in  Table  15  lived  on  the  average  40.6  years,  their 
fathers  70.9  years;  and  their  mothers  66.0  years. 

In  order  to  secure  large  enough  numbers  upon  which  to  calculate  averages,  the 
1,594  persons  have  been  divided  into  only  nine  groups,  arranged  according  to  the  ages 
at  death  of  the  parents. 

For  example,  the  condensed  table  is  divided  into  nine  compartments  or  boxes.  It 
will  be  observed  that  the  number  128  has  been  placed  in  one  of  these  compartments ;  and, 
by  reference  to  the  margin,  it  will  be  found  that  this  compartment  is  devoted  to  cases 
having  fathers  and  mothers  who  did  not  live  to  be  sixty  years  of  age.  The  figures  mean 
that  there  were  128  persons  who  had  fathers  and  mothers  who  both  died  under  sixty. 

By  reference  to  the  detailed  part  of  the  table  it  will  be  found  that  the  aggregate 
years  lived  by  these  128  persons  amounted  to  4,202  years;  and  dividing  this  by  128,  we 
reach  the  conclusion  that  the  average  age  at  death  in  these  cases  was  32.8  years. 

In  the  condensed  table  this  result  (32.8)  has  been  placed  in  the  proper  compartment 
relating  to  fathers  and  mothers  who  both  died  under  sixty.  (See  condensed  table  for 
average  duration  of  life.) 

Contrast  with  this  the  result  obtained  with  the  184  persons  whose  parents,  both  of 
them,  lived  to  be  eighty  years  of  age  or  older.  The  average  duration  of  life  in  these 
cases  was  52.7  years. 

Where  both  parents  died  under  sixty,   the 

persons  on  the  average  lived  only  32.8  years 

(128  cases). 

Where  both  parents  lived  to  be  eighty  or 

older,  the  persons  on  the  average  lived  52.7 

years  (184  cases). 

Where  the  parents  died  at  the  intermediate 

age-periods  noted,  the  average  duration  of 

life  of  the  persons  was  intermediate. 

The  results  indicate  that  the  duration  of  life  of  the  person  was  directly  correlated 
with  the  duration  of  life  of  both  parents,  and  that  the  influence  of  the  father  was  greater 
than  that  of  the  mother. 

Where  the  father  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older 
and  the  mother  died  under  sixty,  the  persons 
lived  on  the  average  42.3  years  (131  cases). 
Where  the  mothers  lived  to  be  eighty  or 
older  and  the  fathers  died  under  sixty,  the 
persons  lived  on  the  average  36.3  years  (74 
cases). 

The  persons  whose  parents  both  lived  to  be  old  were  the  longest  lived  on  the  average. 


CHAPTER  VI 


Duration  of  Life  of  Fathers  and  Mothers  Compared  with  the  Number 

of  Children  Born  to  Them 


FATHERS 

In  several  'thousand  cases  (5,024)  the  age  of  the  father  at  death  was  known  (see 
Table  10) ;  but  the  number  of  fathers  was  not  known  because  many  of  the  persons  were 
the  children  of  the  same  father. 

A  special  examination  of  the  card  catalogue  of  the  Hyde  Genealogy  has  been  made 
to  eliminate  duplicate  fathers  and  thus  ascertain  the  actual  number  of  fathers  involved. 

Each  card  contained  the  name  of  a  person, 
the  name  of  his  father,  the  name  of  his 
mother,  and  the  total  number  of  children  born 
to  these  parents.  It  was  found,  however,  that 
duplication  of  the  fathers  could  not  be  en- 
tirely avoided,  because  some  of  the  fathers 
had  married  more  than  once  and  had  families 
by  each  marriage. 

This  difficulty  was  overcome  by  noting  the 
number  of  fathers  and  the  number  of  mar- 
riages, and  calculating  the  average  number 
of  children  per  father  and  per  marriage. 

There  were  -only  795  fathers  in  all,  but  they  had  contracted  843  marriages  resulting 
in  offspring.  (See  Table  16.) 

TABLE  16. — 8^3  fertile  marriages  of  795  males,  showing  the  number  of  children  produced  from 
fathers  who  died  at  the  age-periods  named,  and  the  average  number  of  children  per  father 
and  per  marriage. 


Father's  age  at  death. 

Number  of 

fathers. 

Number  of 
marriages. 

Number  of 
children. 

Number  of  children- 

Per 

father. 

Per 
marriage- 

Stated  

795 

69 
207 
343 
176 

843 

71 
213 
369 
190 

5,041 

192 
1,243 
2,356 
1,250 

6.3 

2.8 
6.0 
6.9 
7.1 

6.0 

2.7 

5.8 
6.4 
6.6 

Under  40  

40  and  under  60  

60  and  under  80  

34 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY  35 


a      is      n      5? 

FIG.  16 

Table  16  relates  to  843  fertile  marriages  of  795  males;  5,041  children  were  pro- 
duced. Average :  6.3  children  per  father,  or  6.0  children  per  marriage. 

Aggregate  years  lived  by  the  795  fathers,  51,668  years.  Average  duration  of  life  of 
fathers,  65.0  years. 

The  fathers  who  died  under  forty  years  of 

age  had  on  the  average  2.8  children  apiece 

(69  cases). 

The  fathers  who  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older 

had  on  the  average  7.1  children  apiece  (176 

cases). 

The  fathers  who  died  at  the  intermediate 

age-periods  had  on  the  average  families  of 

intermediate  size. 

There  was  thus  a  direct  correlation  between  the  duration  of  life  of  the  fathers  and 
the  number  of  children  born  to  them. 

Here  a  complication  arises,  due  to  the  fact  that  some  of  the  fathers  married  more 
than  once  and  had  children  by  each  marriage.  Fig.  16  shows  that  the  average  number  of 
children  born  to  the  older  fathers  was  somewhat  increased  from  this  cause,  the  curve  for 
the  average  number  of  children  per  father  being  sensibly  higher  than  that  for  the  aver- 
age number  of  children  per  marriage.  The  latter  curve,  however,  is  of  the  same  general 
character  as  the  former,  showing  a  distinct  rise  in  the  average  number  of  children  in  the 
older  cases. 

Fathers  died  under  forty.    Average,  2.7  chil- 
dren per  marriage  (71  cases). 
Fathers  died  between  forty  and  sixty.    Aver- 
age, 5.8  children  per  marriage  (213  cases). 
Fathers    died    between    sixty    and    eighty. 
Average,    6.4    children    per    marriage    (369 
cases). 
Fathers  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older.    Average, 


36  THE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 

The  effect  of  considering  the  children  of  second  and  third  marriages  as  distinct 
families  reduced  the  average  size  of  the  family  in  the  case  of  fathers  who  married  more 
than  once;  and  yet  the  curve  for  the  average  number  of  children  per  marriage  continu- 
ally goes  up,  showing  that,  quite  independently  of  this  complicating  cause,  there  was  a 
distinct  correlation  between  the  size  of  the  family  and  the  duration  of  life  of  the  father. 

The  longer-lived  fathers,  on  the  average,  had  the  largest  families. 

MOTHERS 

The  correlation  between  the  duration  of  life  of  the  mother  and  the  number  of  chil- 
dren born  to  her  is  still  more  obvious  than  in  the  case  of  the  fathers,  because  the  com- 
plicating condition  referred  to  above  is  absent. 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  no  females  had  children  after  they  reached  middle  life,  the  con- 
clusion of  the  child-bearing  period  (say  forty-five  years) ;  so  that  in  the  cases  of  women 
who  married  again  late  in  life  there  would  be  no  offspring  by  these  later  marriages. 

We  cannot  suppose,  for  example,  that  a  mother  who  died  at  fifty  would  have  had 
more  children  had  she  lived  to  be  sixty,  seventy,  or  eighty  years  of  age  or  older,  even 
though  she  might  have  married  half  a  dozen  times,  and  young  husbands,  too. 

Table  17  relates  to  671  fertile  marriages  of  671  females;  4,022  children  were  pro- 
duced. Average,  6.0  children  per  marriage. 

Aggregate  years  lived  by  the  671  mothers,  40,805  years.  Average  duration  of  life 
of  mothers,  60.8  years. 

The  Hyde  Genealogy  gives  us  some  account  of  the  second  marriages  of  males,  espe- 
cially where  they  bore  the  name  of  Hyde;  but  few  cases  of  second  fertile  marriages  of 
females  are  recorded.  In  Table  17,  therefore,  we  are  unable  to  distinguish  between  the 
number  of  children  per  mother  and  the  number  of  children  per  marriage. 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY 


37 


TABLE  17. — 671  fertile  marriages  of  671  females,  showing  the  number  of  children  produced  from 
mothers  who  died  at  the  age-periods  named,  and  the  average  number  of  children  per 
marriage. 


Number  of 

Mother's  age  at  death- 

Number  of 

Number  of 

children  per 

marriages. 

children. 

marriage- 

Stated  

671 

4,022 

6.0 

Under  40  

130 

439 

3.4 

40  and  under  60.  ... 

164 

1,018 

6.2 

60  and  under  80  

244 

1,612 

6.6 

133 

953 

7.2 

6 


40 


60 
80 


FIG.  17 


The  mothers  who  died  under  forty  had  on  the 

average  3.4  children  per  marriage  (130  cases) . 

The  mothers  who  died  between  forty  and 

sixty  had  on  the  average  6.2  children  per 

marriage  (164  cases). 

The  mothers  who  died  between  sixty  and 

eighty  had  on  the  average  6.6  children  per 

marriage  (244  cases). 

The  mothers  who  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older 

had  on  the  average  7.2  children  per  marriage 

(133  cases). 


CHAPTER  VII 


Duration  of  Life  of  Persons  Compared  with  the  Ages  of 
the  Parents  at  Marriage 


FATHERS 

There  were  2,605  cases  where  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  father's  age  at  mar- 
riage were  both  stated. 

These  2,605  persons  lived  91,126  years.  Average  duration  of  life  of  persons,  35.0 
years. 

TABLE  18. — 2,605  cases  where  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  father's  age  at  marriage  were 
both  stated,  showing  the  number  having  fathers  who  married  at  the  age-periods  named,  the 
aggregate  years  lived  by  the  persons,  and  their  average  ages  at  death. 


Father's  age  at  marriage- 

Number  of 
persons. 

Aggregate 
years  lived. 

Average 
years  lived- 

Stated  

2,605 

91,126 

35.0 

Under  25  

1,072 

39,299 

36.6 

25  and  under  30.... 

963 

33,049 

34.3 

30  and  under  35  

346 

12,322 

35.6 

35  and  under  40.  .  .  . 

114 

3,481 

30.5 

40  and  over  

110 

2,975 

27.0 

FIG.  18 


26- 


Fig.  18  shows  that  the  persons  whose  fathers  married  early  in  life  lived  on  the 
average  to  be  older  than  the  others. 

The  persons  whose  fathers  married  before 
they  were  twenty-five  lived  on  the  average 
36.6  years  (1,072  cases). 
The  persons  whose  fathers  married  after  they 
were  forty  years  of  age  lived  on  the  average 
27.0  years  (110  cases). 

The  persons  whose  fathers  married  at  the 
intermediate  age-periods  lived  on  the  average 
to  intermediate  ages. 
38 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY 


39 


There  was  thus  a  correlation  of  an  inverse  kind  between  the  age  at  death  of  the 
person  and  the  age  at  marriage  of  his  father.  The  average  duration  of  life  was  greater, 
as  the  father  was  younger  at  marriage. 

There  were  only  23  cases  where  the  father  married  before  he  was  twenty ;  but  these 
persons,  on  the  average,  were  the  longest  lived  of  all.  Average  duration  of  life,  45.8  years. 

Although  there  is  an  irregularity  in  the  curve  shown  in  Fig.  18,  where  the  fathers 
married  between  thirty  and  thirty-five  years  of  age,  the  general  trend  of  the  curve  is  dis- 
tinctly downwards  with  increase  of  age  at  marriage;  and  the  indications  are  very  clear 
that  in  the  case  of  the  fathers  early  marriage  was  a  condition  favorable  to  the  produc- 
tion of  long-lived  children. 

MOTHERS 

There  were  2,309  cases  where  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  mother's  age  at 
marriage  were  both  stated.  Average  duration  of  life  of  the  persons,  34.6  years. 

TABLE  19. — 2,809  cases  where  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  mother's  age  at  marriage  were 
both  stated,  showing  the  number  having  mothers  who  married  at  the  age-periods  named,  the 
aggregate  years  lived  by  the  persons,  and  their  average  ages  at  death. 


Mother's  age  at  marriage. 

Number  of 
persons. 

Aggregate 
years  lived- 

Average 
years  lived. 

Stated  

2,309 

79,976 

34.6 

Under  20  

712 

25,837 

36.3 

20  and  under  25  

1,070 

37,185 

34.7 

25  and  under  30  

421 

13,635 

32.4 

30  and  over  

106 

3,315 

31.3 

30 


30 


20 


20 
25 


.ZS 
30 

FIG.  19 


20 


In  Fig.  19  we  have  proof  of  a  correlation,  of  an  inverse  kind,  between  the  duration 
of  life  of  the  person  and  the  age  at  marriage  of  the  mother. 

The  persons  whose  mothers  married  before 

they  were  twenty  lived  on  the  average  36.3 

years  (712  cases). 

The  persons  whose  mothers  married  after 

they  were  thirty  years  of  age  lived  on  the 

average  31.3  years  (106  cases). 

The  persons  whose  mothers  married  at  the 

intermediate  age-periods  lived  on  the  average 

to  intermediate  ages. 


40  THE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 

The  curve  in  Fig.  19  forms  almost  a  straight  line,  sloping  downwards  from  left  to 
right,  and  indicates  very  clearly  that  the  average  duration  of  life  of  the  persons  was 
greater,  as  the  mother  was  younger  at  marriage. 

We  have  too  few  cases  to  decide  the  lower  limit  of  mothers'  age  at  marriage  consistent 
with  the  production  of  long-lived  offspring;  hut  the  persons  whose  mothers  married  at 
sixteen  and  seventeen  were  the  longest  lived  of  any  of  the  groups  examined. 

The  persons  whose  mothers  married  at  seven- 
teen lived  on  the  average  39.3  years  (141 
cases). 

The  persons  whose  mothers  married  at  six- 
teen lived  on  the  average  40.8  years  (46 
cases). 

In  Tables  18  and  19  we  have  undoubted  proof  that  the  persons  whose  parents  mar- 
ried young  were,  on  the  average,  longer  lived  than  the  persons  whose  parents  married 
later  in  life. 

It  thus  appears  that  early  marriage  was  a  condition  distinctly  favorable  to  longevity 
in  the  offspring. 


CHAPTER  VIII 

Duration  of  Life  of  Persons  Compared  with  the  Ages  of  the  Parents 
When  the  Persons  Were  Born 


FATHERS 

In  2,756  cases  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  age  of  the  father  when  the  person 
was  born  were  both  stated.    Average  duration  of  life  of  the  persons,  35.4  years. 

TABLE  20. — 2,756  cases  where  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  age  of  the  father  when  the 
person  was  born  were  both  stated,  showing  the  number  born  to  fathers  of  the  ages  speci- 
fied, the  aggregate  years  lived  by  the  persons,  and  their  average  ages  at  death. 


Father's  age  when  person 
was  born. 

Number  of 
persons. 

Aggregate 
years  lived. 

Average 
years  lived. 

Stated  

2,765 

97,793 

35.4 

Under  25. 

180 

7,132 

39.6 

25  and  under  30. 

601 

23,000 

38.3 

30  and  under  35. 

642 

23,640 

36.8 

35  and  under  40. 

572 

19,747 

34.5 

40  and  under  45. 

409 

12,894 

31.5 

45  and  under  50. 

235 

7,383 

31.4 

50  and  over  

128 

3,997 

31.7 

«s 


FIG.  20 


The  youngest  fathers,  on  the  average,  had  the  longest-lived  offspring. 


The  persons  whose  fathers  were  under  twenty- 
five  years  of  age  when  the  persons  were  born 
lived  on  the  average  39.6  years. 
The  persons  whose  fathers  were  between 
forty  and  forty-five  years  of  age  when  the 
persons  were  born  lived  on  the  average  31.5 
yean. 

The  persons  whose  fathers  were  of  inter- 
mediate ages  when  the  persons  were  born 
lived  on  the  average  to  intermediate  ages. 


41 


42 


THE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 


There  was  thus  an  apparent  correlation,  of  an  inverse  kind,  between  the  duration  of 
life  of  the  person  and  the  age  of  the  father  when  the  person  was  born,  down  to  fathers 
of  40-45  years  of  age;  and  there  the  correlation  stops.  (See  Fig.  20.)  The  line  is  prac- 
tically horizontal  beyond  the  age-period  40-45. 

The  evidences  of  correlation  are  so  marked  upon  the  whole  that  we  would  naturally 
expect  the  curve  to  go  down  steadily  to  the  very  end,  and  thus  indicate  that  the  offspring 
of  the  oldest  fathers  were  on  the  average  the  shortest  lived ;  but  the  curve  does  not  do  so. 

The  general  trend  of  the  curve  in  Fig.  20  is  distinctly  downwards  from  left  to  right ; 
and  the  horizontality  of  the  last  part  of  the  curve  is  suggestive  of  some  cause  operating 
to  interfere  with  the  normal  descent  of  the  curve  in  the  case  of  the  older  fathers. 

Here  an  explanation  suggests  itself  from  a  consideration  of  the  fact  that  children 
are  the  product  of  two  parents,  not  one  alone. 

It  is  very  obvious,  for  example,  that  where  the  fathers  were  over  fifty  years  of  age 
when  their  children  were  born  the  mothers  were  certainly  much  younger. 

The  fathers  who  were  over  forty  years  of  age  when  their  children  were  born  had  on 
the  average  wives  who  were  younger  than  themselves.  (See  B.  B.  Eec.,  Vol.  XX,  pp. 
2-36.) 

MOTHERS 

In  2,386  cases  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  age  of  the  mother  when  the  person 
was  born  were  both  stated.  Average  duration  of  life  of  the  persons,  34.9  years. 

TABLE  21. — 2,386  cases  where  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  age  of  the  mother  when  the 
person  was  born  were  both  stated,  showing  the  number  born  to  mothers  of  the  ages  speci- 
fied, the  aggregate  years  lived  by  the  persons,  and  their  average  ages  at  death. 


Mother's  age  when  person 
was  born. 

Number  of 
persons. 

Aggregate 
years  lived. 

Average 
years  lived. 

Stated  

2,386 

83,116 

34.9 

Under  25  
25  and  under  30  
30  and  under  35  
35  and  under  40.  ... 

525 
603 
561 
422 
275 

20,322 
22,073 
18,829 
14,161 
7,731 

38.7 
36.6 
33.6 
33.6 
28.1 

IS          3S 
Fro.  21 


20 


\ 

A  STUDY  OP  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY  43 

The  youngest  mothers,  on  the  average,  had  the  longest-lived  offspring. 

The    persons    whose    mothers    were    under 
twenty-five  years  of  age  when  the  persons 
were  born  lived  on  the  average  38.7  years. 
The  persons  whose  mothers  were  forty  years 
of  age  or  older  when  the  persons  were  born 
lived  on  the  average  28.1  years. 
The  persons  whose  mothers  were  of  inter- 
mediate ages  when  the  persons  were  born 
lived  on  the  average  to  intermediate  ages. 

There  was  thus  a  distinct  correlation,  of  an  inverse  kind,  between  the  duration  of 
life  of  the  person  and  the  age  of  the  mother  when  the  person  was  born ;  and  in  this  case 
the  curve  slopes  downwards  to  the  very  end,  indicating  not  only  that  the  youngest  mothers 
had  the  longest-lived  offspring,  but  that  the  oldest  mothers  had  the  shortest-lived  off- 
spring. (See  Pig.  21.) 

There  is,  however,  in  this  case  a  curious  irregularity  of  the  curve  where  the  mothers 
were  between  thirty-five  and  forty  years  of  age  when  their  children  were  born,  resembling 
somewhat  a  similar  irregularity  in  Fig.  18  referring  to  the  father's  age  at  marriage. 
Whether  there  is  any  connection  between  these  irregularities  is  not  clear;  but  in  both 
cases  the  absolute  numbers  are  sufficiently  large  to  give  significance  to  the  averages. 
These  irregularities  therefore  mean  something,  but  the  interpretation  is  not  obvious. 

The  youngest  mothers,  on  the  average,  had  the  longest-lived  children;  but  we  have 
too  few  cases  to  enable  us  to  decide  the  extreme  lower  limit  of  age  consistent  with  the 
production  of  long-lived  offspring.  The  following  cases,  however,  are  significant: 

The  persons  whose  mothers  were  only 
eighteen  years  of  age  when  the  persons  were 
born  lived  on  the  average  44.1  years  (19 
cases). 

The  persons  whose  mothers  were  only  seven- 
teen years  of  age  when  the  persons  were  born 
lived  on  the  average  44.6  years  (13  cases). 

Thus  both  in  the  case  of  the  fathers  and  mothers  it  becomes  obvious  that  youth  is 
a  condition  favorable  to  the  production  of  long-lived  offspring.  The  younger  fathers 
and  mothers  had  on  the  average  the  longest-lived  children. 


CHAPTER  IX 

Duration  of  Life  of  Persons  Compared  with  the  Number  of  Years 
After  the  Marriage  of  the  Parents  the  Persons  Were  Born 


There  were  2,757  cases  in  which  the  age  at  death  of  the  person  was  known,  and  also 
the  number  of  years  after  the  marriage  of  the  parents  the  person  was  born.  Average 
duration  of  life  of  these  persons,  34.4  years. 

TABLE  22. — 2,757  cases  where  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  number  of  years  after  the  mar- 
riage of  the  parents  the  person  was  born  were  both  stated,  showing  the  number  of  persons 
born  the  specified  years  after  the  marriage  of  their  parents,  the  aggregate  years  lived  by 
the  persons,  and  their  average  ages  at  death. 


Number  of  years  after  marriage 
of  parents  person  was  born. 

Number  of 
persons. 

Aggregate 
years  lived. 

Average 
years  lived- 

Stated   

2,757 

94,749 

34.4 

0  years  

62 

2,168 

35.0 

304 

10,588 

34.8 

Less  than    2.  .. 

366 

12,756 

34.9 

2  and  less  than    4... 

413 

14,221 

34.4 

4  and  less  than    6.  .  . 

352 

13,197 

37.9 

6  and  less  than    8.  .  . 

332 

12,083 

36.4 

8  and  less  than  10... 

260 

8,951 

34.4 

10  and  less  than  12... 

218 

•     6,973 

32.0 

12  and  less  than  14.  .  . 

196 

6,801 

32.0 

14  and  less  than  16... 

170 

5,598 

32.9 

16  and  less  than  18.  .  . 

144 

4,765 

33.1 

18  and  less  than  20.  .. 

119 

4,114 

34.6 

20  and  more  

187 

5,290 

28.3 

Less  than  10.  .  . 

1,723 

VJ«W 

61,208 

35.5 

10  and  less  than  20.  .. 

847 

28,251 

33.3 

187 

5,290 

28.3 

44 


ft 


4          6 

6          8         ! 

Pro.  22 


1}         14 
14         16 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY  45 

The  persons  who  were  born  less  than  ten  years  after  the  marriage  of  their  parents 
were  on  the  average  longer  lived  than  those  born  later  in  married  life.  (See  first  dia- 
gram in  Fig.  22.) 

Persons  born  less  than  ten  years  after  the 

marriage  of  their  parents.    Average  duration 

of  life,  35.5  years  (1,723  cases). 

Persons  born  between  ten  and  twenty  years 

after  the  marriage  of  their  parents.    Average 

duration  of  life,  33.3  years  (847  cases). 

Persons  born  twenty  or  more  years  after  the 

marriage  of  their  parents.    Average  duration 

of  life,  28.3  years  (187  cases). 

Table  22  throws  some  light  upon  the  duration  of  life  of  first-born  children  as  com- 
pared with  others.  (See  second  diagram  in  Fig.  22.) 

Persons  born  the  same  year  as  the  marriage  of  their  parents  or  the  year  after  may 
safely  be  assumed  to  be  first-born  children.  Average  duration  of  life  in  these  cases,  34.9 
years  (366  cases). 

Thus  the  persons  who  were  undoubtedly  first-born  children  were  fully  equal  in 
vitality  to  the  average  of  the  whole,  or  rather  they  lived  upon  the  average  as  long — in 
fact,  a  little  longer. 

In  Fig.  22  the  horizontal  line  shows  the  average  duration  of  life  of  the  whole  2,757 
persons  (34.4  years). 

Persons  born  less  than  two  years  after  the 
marriage  of  their  parents.  Average  duration 
of  life,  34.9  years.  This  is  slightly  above  the 
average  of  the  whole  (366  cases). 
Persons  born  two  and  three  years  after  the 
marriage  of  their  parents.  Average  duration 
of  life,  34.4  years,  just  the  average  of  the 
whole  (413  cases). 

Persons  born  four  and  five  years  after  the 
marriage  of  their  parents.  Average  duration 
of  life,  37.9  years.  This  is  considerably  above 
the  average  of  the  whole ;  in  fact,  the  highest 
average  of  any  of  the  groups  shown  in  Table 
22  (362  cases). 

Persons  born  six  and  seven  years  after  the 
marriage  of  their  parents.  Average  duration 
of  life,  36.4  years.  This  is  above  the  average 
of  the  whole,  but  not  quite  up  to  the  average 
of  the  last  group  named  (332  cases) . 
Persons  born  eight  and  nine  years  after  the 
marriage  of  their  parents.  Average  duration 
of  life,  34.4  years,  just  the  average  of  the 
whole  (260  cases). 

Persons  born  less  than  ten  years  after  the  marriage  of  their  parents,  the  summation 
of  the  above  groups,  lived  on  the  average  35.5  years  (1,723  cases).  While  this  is  above 
the  average  of  the  whole,  only  two  of  the  above  groups  show  averages  markedly  greater 
than  the  average  of  the  whole. 


46  THE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 

Why  persons  born  four  and  five  years  after  the  marriage  of  their  parents  should  on 
the  average  have  been  longer  lived  than  the  persons  born  earlier  or  later  in  married  life 
is  a  mystery  that  needs  explanation. 

The  children,  too,  born  six  and  seven  years  after  the  marriage  of  their  parents  were 
also  longer  lived  than  the  children  born  later  in  married  life. 

There  is  another  unexplained  feature  about  Fig.  22. 

It  is  very  obvious  that  upon  the  whole  the  children  born  after  ten  years  of  married 
life  were  shorter  lived  than  those  born  less  than  ten  years  after  the  marriage  of  their 
parents ;  but  why  the  curve  should  here  go  up  instead  of  down,  so  that  the  children  born 
eighteen  and  nineteen  years  after  the  marriage  of  their  parents  should  prove  to  be  as 
long  lived  as  the  average  of  the  whole,  is  a  mystery  indeed. 

There  were  119  cases  of  persons  born  eighteen  and  nineteen  years  after  the  marriage 
of  their  parents,  and  this  seems  a  sufficiently  large  number  to  make  the  average  mean 
something.  Average  duration  of  life,  34.6  years,  slightly  above  the  average  of  the  whole. 

There  can  be  no  question  here  of  old  fathers  with  young  wives.  These  persons  were 
born  eighteen  and  nineteen  years  after  the  marriage  of  their  parents,  from  which  it  is 
obvious  that  the  mothers  as  well  as  the  fathers  were  eighteen  and  nineteen  years  older 
than  when  they  were  married.  The  mothers  certainly  were  not  young. 

The  regularity  of  the  oscillation  of  the  curve  (second  diagram  in  Fig.  22)  strongly 
confirms  the  belief  that  we  are  here  dealing  with  a  real  oscillation,  whatever  it  means,  and 
not  merely  with  an  accidental  irregularity  due  to  basing  averages  upon  too  small  num- 
bers. An  examination  of  Table  22  will  show  that  the  absolute  numbers  involved  in  the 
determination  of  each  point  in  the  diagram  are  sufficiently  large  to  make  the  averages 
mean  something. 


CHAPTER  X 
Duration  of  Life  of  Persons  Compared  with  Number  in  Family  (Siblings) 

SIBLINGS 

It  is  unfortunate  that  we  have  no  word  in  the  English  language,  excepting  the  very 
awkward  and  recently  invented  term  "sibling,"  to  express  the  relationship  of  the  children 
of  the  same  parents  to  one  another  independently  of  sex. 

Suppose  a  person  had  two  brothers  and  three 
sisters,  then  he  had  five  siblings,  and  the 
total  number  of  siblings  in  the  family  was 
six.  The  person  was  one  of  a  family  of  six 
children. 

In  order  to  avoid  the  inconvenience  of  employing  a  little-understood  term,  we  shall 
in  the  present  investigation  use  the  expression  "number  in  family"  for  "number  of  sib- 
lings in  family";  the  "family"  consisting  of  the  person  and  his  brothers  and  sisters. 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY  47 

There  were  2,964  cases  in  which  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  number  in  family 
were  both  stated.     (See  Table  23.) 

TABLE  23. — Duration  of  life  of  persons  compared  with  number  in  family  (siblings). 


Number  In  family  (siblings). 

Total 
persons. 

Persons'  age  at  death- 

-20 

20-40 

40-60 

60-80 

80+ 

Stated  

2,964 

41 

85 

126 
313 
584 
694 
683 
396 
168 

1,044 

24 
36 

60 
113 
207 
229 
224 
133 
78 

693 

9 
21 

30 
80 
143 
175 
152 
84 
29 

525 

2 
16 

18 
60 
107 
123 
122 
73 
22 

486 

4 

8 

12 
45 
93 
117 
119 
71 
29 

216 

2 
4 

6 
15 
34 
50 
66 
35 
10 

1   

2    

Less  than    3  

5  and  less  than    7  

9  and  less  than  11  

11  and  less  than  13*.  

13  or  more  

Percentages. 

Stated  

100.0 

100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

35.2 

58.5 
42.4 

35.5 
36.1 
47.6 
33.0 
32.8 
33.6 
46.4 

23.4 

-22.0 
24.7 

24.5 
25.5 
23.8 
25.2 
22.2 
21.2 
17.3 

17.7 

4.9 

18.8 

18.3 
19.2 
14.3 
17.7 
17.9 
18.4 
13.1 

16.4 

9.7 
9.4 

15.9 
14.4 
9.5 
16.9 
17.4 
17.9 
17.3 

7.3 

4.9 

4.7 

5.8 
4.8 
4.8 
7.2 
9.7 
8.9 
5.9 

1   

2   

3  and  less  than    5  

11  and  less  than  13  

7 
9 

FIG.  23 


48  TEE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 

Fig.  23  contains  a  series  of  seven  diagrams.  The  first  refers  to  persons  belonging 
to  small  families  containing  only  one  or  two  children.  The  last  relates  to  persons  belong- 
ing to  very  large  families  containing  thirteen  or  more  children;  and  the  intermediate 
diagrams  to  persons  belonging  to  families  of  intermediate  size. 

In  each  diagram  the  first  dot  expresses  the  percentage  of  persons  who  died  young, 
under  twenty ;  the  last  dot  the  percentage  of  persons  who  lived  to  be  eighty  years  of  age 
or  older;  and  the  intermediate  dots  the  percentage  of  persons  who  died  at  the  inter- 
mediate age-periods  named  in  Table  23. 

Both  in  the  case  of  very  small  families  (containing  only  one  or  two  children)  and 
in  the  case  of  very  large  families  (containing  thirteen  or  more  children),  the  proportion 
of  persons  who  died  young  was  very  large  and  the  proportion  who  lived  to  be  old  small. 
(See  Fig.  23.) 

The  majority  of  the  persons  who  were  the 

only  children  of  their  parents   died  young 

(58.5  per  cent) ,  but  there  were  only  41  cases. 

There  were  126  persons  belonging  to  small 

families  containing  only  one  or  two  children. 

No  less  than  47.6  per  cent  of  these  persons 

died  In  childhood  under  twenty,  and  only  4.8 

per  cent  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older. 

There  were  168  persons  belonging  to  very 

large  families  containing  thirteen  or  more 

children.    No  less  than  46.4  per  cent  of  these 

persons  died  in  childhood  under  twenty,  and 

only  5.9  per  cent  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older. 

The  proportion  who  died  young  was  least,  and  the  proportion  who  lived  to  be  old 
greatest,  where  the  persons  belonged  to  families  containing  nine  and  ten  children. 

There  were  683  persons  belonging  to  families 
containing  nine  and  ten  children. 
32.8  per  cent  of  these  persons  died  young 
under  twenty;  and  this  is  the  smallest  pro- 
portion dying  in  childhood  of  any  of  the 
groups  shown  In  Table  23. 
9.7  per  cent  of  these  persons  lived  to  be  eighty 
or  older;  and  this  is  the  largest  proportion 
living  to  old  age  in  any  of  the  groups  shown 
in  Table  23. 

The  proportion  who  lived  to  be  old  increased  with  the  size  of  the  family  up  to  fam- 
ilies containing  nine  and  ten  children,  and  fell  again  in  the  case  of  the  larger  families. 


CHAPTER  XI 

Conclusion ;  Summary  of  the  Chief  Points  Touched  Upon  in  the 

Preceding  Chapters 


The  8,797  persons  dealt  with  in  the  Hyde  Statistics  were  born  chiefly  in  the  eigh- 
teenth century  and  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Only  a  small  proportion 
appeared  after  1825.  "Most  of  these  persons  were  either  living  in  1864,  when  the  Hyde 
Genealogy  was  published,  or  their  ages  at  death  could  not  be  ascertained ;  so  that  the  full 
duration  of  life  is  only  known  in  about  one-third  of  the  cases. 

There  were  2,965  persons  whose  ages  at  death 
were  known.  Average  duration  of  life  of 
these  persons,  34.6  years. 
35.2  per  cent  of  these  persons  died  before 
they  were  twenty  years  of  age,  and  7.3  per 
cent  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older. 

There  were  critical  periods  in  the  lives  of  these  persons  when  the  danger  of  death 
was  greater  than  at  other  times.  The  danger  was  greatest  in  infancy,  especially  during 
the  first  year  of  life;  and  a  second  danger  period  appeared  during  adolescence,  reaching 
its  maximum  danger  point  at  or  about  the  age  of  twenty-three  years. 

Both  the  males  and  females  show  an  increase  in  the  number  and  proportion  of  deaths 
occurring  during  adolescence,  and  in  both  cases  the  maximum  appears  at  the  age-period 
20-25  years.  But  the  death  curve  for  males  exhibits  quite  a  sharp  peak  at  this  point 
which  is  absent  from  the  female  curve,  suggesting  some  cause  of  death  at  this  period  of 
life  affecting  males  more  powerfully  than  females.  Unfortunately  the  statistics  do  not 
give  us  any  information  concerning  causes  of  death. 

There  were  1,606  males  whose  ages  at  death 
were  known.  Average  duration  of  life  of 
these  males,  35.8  years. 
There  were  1,352  females  whose  ages  at  death 
were  known.  Average  duration  of  life  of 
these  females,  33.4  years. 

The  males  upon  the  average  lived  longer  than  the  females,  and  yet  more  females 
than  males  lived  to  extreme  old  age. 

•  A  larger  proportion  of  females  than  of  males  died  in  childhood  before  reaching  the 
age  of  twenty  years,  in  spite  of  an  excessive  mortality  of  males  during  the  period  of 
infancy.  Thus  a  larger  proportion  of  males  than  of  females  lived  to  adult  life. 

49 


50  TEE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 

A  larger  proportion  of  females  than  of  males  died  between  the  ages  of  twenty  and 
forty.  Females,  of  course,  were  exempt  from  military  service;  but  they  were  exposed, 
during  the  child-bearing  period,  to  dangers  which  did  not  affect  the  male  population  at  all. 

A  larger  proportion  of  females  than  of  males  lived  to  be  ninety-five  years  of  age  or 
older.  The  few  winners  in  life's  race  were  largely  females. 

There  were  795  fathers  whose  ages  at  death 
were  known.  Average  duration  of  life  of 
these  fathers,  65.0  years. 
There  were  671  mothers  whose  ages  at  death 
were  known.  Average  duration  of  life  of 
these  mothers,  60.8  years. 

The  fathers,  on  the  average,  lived  longer  than  the  mothers;  and  yet  more  mothers 
than  fathers  lived  to  extreme  old  age. 

Heredity  was  deeply  involved  in  the  production  of  longevity. 

Where  neither  parent  lived  to  be  eighty, 
about  5  per  cent  of  the  known  offspring  lived 
to  be  eighty  or  older  (5.3  per  cent). 
Where  one  parent,  but  not  the  other,  lived  to 
be  eighty  or  older,  about  10  per  cent  of  the 
known  offspring  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older 
(9.8  per  cent). 

Where  both  parents  lived  to  be  eighty  or 
older,  about  20  per  cent  of  the  known  off- 
spring lived  to  be  eighty  or  older  (20.6  per 
cent). 

The  influence  of  the  father  seemed  to  be  somewhat  greater  than  that  of  the  mother. 

Where  the  father  (but  not  the  mother)  lived 
to  be  eighty  or  older,  11.3  per  cent  of  the 
known  offspring  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older. 
Where  the  mother  (but  not  the  father)  lived 
to  be  eighty  or  older,   7.7  per  cent  of  the 
known  offspring  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older. 
Where  the  father  died  over  eighty  and  the 
mother  died  under  sixty,  the  children  pro- 
duced by  these  parents  lived  on  the  average 
42.3  years. 

Where  the  mother  died  over  eighty  and  the 
father  died  under  sixty,  the  children  pro- 
duced by  these  parents  lived  on  the  average 
36.3  years. 

The  average  duration  of  life  of  offspring  was  greatest  where  the  parents  were  long 
lived,  least  where  the  parents  were  short  lived,  and  intermediate  where  the  parents  died 
at  intermediate  age-periods. 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY  51 

There  was  thus  a  direct  correlation  between  the  duration  of  life  of  parents  and  the 
duration  of  life  of  their  offspring. 

The  average  duration  of  life  of  the  offspring 

was  greater  as  the  parents  were  younger  at 

marriage. 

The  average  duration  of  life  of  the  offspring 

was  greater  as  the  parents   were  younger 

when  the  children  were  born. 

The  children  born  during  the  first  ten  years 

of  married  life  were,  on  the  average,  longer 

lived  than  those  born  later. 

Thus  virility  on  the  part  of  the  parents  had  something  to  do  with  the  duration  of 
life  of  the  offspring. 

Children  born  between  four  and  eight  years  after  the  marriage  of  their  parents  were, 
upon  the  average,  longer  lived  than  those  born  earlier  or  later  in  married  life. 

First-born  children  were  fully  up  to  the  average  of  the  whole  in  vitality  and  lived 
as  long. 

The  majority  of  the  persons  who  were  the  only  children  of  their  parents  died  young; 
but  there  were  only  41  cases. 

Both  in  very  small  families  (containing  only  one  or  two  children)  and  in  very  large 
families  (containing  thirteen  or  more  children)  the  proportion  who  died  young  was  very 
large  and  the  proportion  who  lived  to  be  old  small. 

The  proportion  who  lived  to  be  old  increased  with  the  size  of  the  family  up  to  fam- 
ilies containing  nine  and  ten  children,  and  fell  again  in  the  case  of  larger  families. 

Parents  who  died  early  in  life  had  comparatively  small  families,  because  on  the 
average  they  did  not  live  long  enough  to  develop  their  full  reproductive  powers. 

Fathers  who  died  under  forty  had  on  the 
average  2.8  children  apiece. 
Mothers  who  died  under  forty  had  on  the 
average  3.4  children  apiece. 

The  average  number  of  children  produced  increased  with  the  duration  of  life  of  the 
parents,  even  in  cases  where  the  parents  had  passed  the  reproductive  period  of  life. 

Where  the  fathers  died  between  forty  and 
sixty,  6.0  children  per  father  were  produced. 
Where  the  fathers  died  between  sixty  and 
eighty,  6.9  children  per  father  were  produced. 
Where  the  fathers  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older, 

7.1  children  per  father  were  produced. 
Where  the  mothers  died  between  forty  and 
sixty,  6.2  children  per  mother  were  produced. 
Where  the  mothers  died  between  sixty  and 
eighty,  6.6  children  per  mother  were  produced. 
Where  the  mothers  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older, 

7.2  children  per  mother  were  produced. 


52  THE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 

There  was  thus  a  direct  correlation  between  the  duration  of  life  of  the  parents  and 
the  number  of  offspring  born  to  them.  The  longer-lived  parents  were  the  most  fertile. 

Only  a  small  proportion  of  the  population  born  lived  to  be  old ;  but  a  large  propor- 
tion came  from  long-lived  parents. 

There  were  1,606  males  whose  ages  at  death 
were  known.  7.8  per  cent  of  these  males 
lived  to  be  eighty  or  older. 
There  were  1,352  females  whose  ages  at 
death  were  known.  6.8  per  cent  of  these 
females  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older. 

There  were  5,024  persons  whose  fathers'  ages 
at  death  were  known.  24.9  per  cent  of  these 
persons  had  fathers  who  lived  to  be  eighty  or 
older. 

There  were  3,958  persons  whose  mothers' 
ages  at  death  were  known.  23.0  per  cent  of 
these  persons  had  mothers  who  lived  to  be 
eighty  or  older. 

The  males  of  one  generation  became,  of  course,  the  fathers  of  the  next  generation. 
At  least  some  of  them  did ;  but  some  did  not  marry  and  others  had  no  offspring. 

If,  then,  the  above  percentages  should  hold  good  for  two  successive  generations,  it 
is  obvious  that  less  than  7.8  per  cent  of  the  males  of  one  generation  would  become  the 
fathers  of  24.9  per  cent  of  the  whole  population  born  in  the  next  generation,  and  that 
less  than  6.8  per  cent  of  the  females  would  become  the  mothers  of  23.0  per  cent  of  all 
the  children  born  in  the  next  generation. 

There  were  1,594  cases  where  the  ages  at 

death  of  the  persons  and  the  ages  at  death  of 

both  parents  were  known. 

8.7  per  cent  of  these  persons  lived  to  be 

eighty  or  older. 

32.7  per  cent  of  these  persons  had  fathers 

who  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older. 

27.0  per  cent  of  these  persons  had  mothers 
who  lived  to  be  eighty  or  older. 

48.1  per  cent  of  these  persons  had  parents 
one  or  both  of  whom  lived  to  be  eighty  or 
older. 

If  these  proportions  should  hold  true  for  two  successive  generations,  then  less  than 
8.7  per  cent  of  the  people  of  one  generation  would  become  the  fathers  or  mothers  of 
nearly  half  of  the  population  born  in  the  next  generation  (48.1  per  cent). 

The  above  illustrations  indicate  that  long-lived  people,  though  few  in  number,  may 
profoundly  affect  the  composition  of  the  whole  population  born  in  the  next  generation. 

The  statistics  indicate  that  a  tendency  to  longevity  is  an  inheritable  characteristic, 
capable  of  being  handed  down  from  parents  to  children. 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY  53 

What  is  really  inherited  is  probably  a  tough,  wiry  constitution  that  enables  the 
fortunate  possessor  to  survive  the  multitudinous  ills  that  flesh  is  heir  to  and  live  on  to 
the  extreme  limit  of  human  life.  From  this  point  of  view  the  attainment  of  old  age  is 
extremely  significant.  The  last  survivors  of  a  whole  generation  are  people  who  have  by 
the  very  fact  of  their  surviving  to  old  age  proved  themselves  to  be  resistant  to  disease. 
They  have  been  exposed  to  the  diseases  and  accidents  that  have  cut  off  the  vast  majority 
of  their  fellows  before  their  prime,  but  have  not  succumbed. 

The  statistics  indicate  that  this  disease-resistant  quality  is  inherited  by  offspring; 
and,  through  the  superior  fecundity  of  the  long  lived,  distributed  very  generally  through- 
out the  population. 

Here  we  have  evidence  of  the  existence  of  a  natural  process  at  work  among  human 
beings  tending  to  improve  the  vigor  and  vitality  of  succeeding  generations. 

A.  G.  B. 


APPENDIX  A 

The  Hyde  Material  in  the  Beinn  Bhreagh  Recorder 

Two  series  of  detailed  tables  have  been  preserved  in  the  Beinn  Bhreagh  Recorder: 

1.  "Statistics  from  the  Hyde  Genealogy,"  compiled  at  various  times  by  Miss  Mabel 
B.  McCurdy,  Miss  Gretchen  Schmidt,  Miss  Catherine  D.  Mackenzie,  Mr.  John  Small- 
wood,  Mr.  Melville  Bell  Grosvenor,  and  Mr.  A.  W.  Clime.    All  the  tables  were  prepared 
under  the  personal  direction  and  supervision  of  Alexander  Graham  Bell,  who  did  his  best 
to  verify  the  results. 

2.  "Studies  of  the  Hyde  Statistics,"  by  Alexander  Graham  Bell. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  tables  referred  to,  together  with  a  description  showing 
the  nature  of  the  material  contained  in  them : 

Statistics.  Studies. 


Table. 

Vol. 

Page. 

Table. 

Vol. 

Page. 

1 

VIII 

133 

— 

VIII 

287 

2 

VIII 

153 

A 

IX 

98 

3 

VIII 

187 

B 

IX 

172 

4 

VIII 

319 

C 

IX 

177 

5 

VIII 

387 

D 

IX 

182 

6 

IX 

20 

E 

IX 

232 

7 

IX 

143 

F 

IX 

265 

8 

IX 

244 

G 

IX 

280 

9 

X 

11 

H 

IX 

315 

10 

X 

318 

I 

IX 

327 

11 

XI 

107 

J 

X 

55 

12 

XII 

28a 

K 

XI 

46 

13 

XII 

239 

L 

XI 

361 

14 

XVII 

42 

M 

XII 

344 

15 

XVIII 

275 

N 

XII 

415 

16 

XVIII 

334 

O 

XX 

94 

17 

XX 

2 

P 

XX 

118 

18 

XX 

22 

Q 

XX 

153 

19 

XX 

25 

B 

XX 

159 

20 

XX 

29 

S 

XX 

176 

21 

XX 

134 

T 

XX 

180 

U 

XX 

187 

V 

XX 

192 

W 

XX 

195 

X 

XX 

201 

A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOOY  55 


A  Description  of  the  Detailed  Tables  Preserved  in  the  Beinn 

Bhreagh  Recorder,  Showing  the  Nature  of  the 

Material  Contained  in  Them 

1.     STATISTICS  FROM  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY 

TABLE    1.— Period  of  birth.    B.  B.  Rec.,  VIII,  133-138. 

TABLE    2.— Sex:  By  period  of  birth.    B.  B.  Rec.,  VIII,  153-158. 

TABLE    3. — Age  at  death:  By  sex  and  period  of  birth.    B.  B.  Rec.,  VIII,  187-219. 

TABLE  4. — Duration  of  life:  By  sex  and  period  of  birth.  (This  includes  the  "latest  age  known 
to  be  living.")  B.  B.  Rec.,  VIII,  319-353. 

TABLE  5. — Number  in  family :  By  sex,  period  of  birth,  and  age  at  death.  B.  B.  Rec.,  VIII, 
387-^15. 

TABLE  6. — Age  at  death:  By  age  of  father  and  mother  at  death  and  by  sex.  B.  B.  Rec.,  IX, 
20-28. 

TABLE    7. — Age  at  death:  By  father's  age  when  person  was  born.    B.  B.  Rec.,  IX,  143-171. 

TABLE    8. — Age  at  death :  By  mother's  age  when  person  was  born.    B.  B.  Rec.,  IX,  244-264. 

TABLE    9. — Age  at  death :  By  father's  age  at  marriage.    B.  B.  Rec.,  X,  11-35. 

TABLE  10. — Age  at  death :  By  mother's  age  at  marriage.    B.  B.  Rec.,  X,  318-334. 

TABLE  11. — Analysis  of  2,287  cases  in  which  the  age  at  death  and  the  father's  age  at  death 
are  both  stated,  with  average  ages  at  death.  B.  B.  Rec.,  XI,  107-124. 

TABLE  12. — Analysis  of  1,806  cases  in  which  the  age  at  death  and  the  mother's  age  at  death 
are  both  stated,  with  average  ages  at  death.  B.  B.  Rec.,  XII,  28o-42. 

TABLE  13. — Analysis  of  1,594  cases  in  which  the  age  at  death  and  the  fathers'  and  mothers' 
ages  at  death  are  all  stated,  with  average  ages  at  death  of  the  persons  and  of  their 
fathers  and  mothers.  B.  B.  Rec.,  XII,  239-269. 

TABLE  14. — Analysis  of  1,594  cases  in  which  the  ages  at  death  of  the  persons  and  of  their 
fathers  and  mothers  are  all  stated:  Arranged  by  the  persons'  ages  at  death.  B.  B.  Rec., 

XVII,  42-75. 

TABLE  15. — Analysis  of  5,024  cases  in  which  the  father's  age  at  death  is  known,  with  aggre- 
gate years  lived  by  the  fathers  and  average  age  at  death  of  the  fathers.  B.  B.  Rec., 

XVIII,  275-280.     (Incorrectly  given  in  the  Recorder  as  Table  14.) 

TABLE  16. — Analysis  of  3,958  cases  in  which  the  mother's  age  at  death  is  known,  with  aggre- 
gate years  lived  by  the  mothers  and  average  age  at  death  of  the  mothers.  B.  B.  Rec., 
XVIII,  334-340. 

TABLE  17. — Age  at  death :  And  fathers'  and  mothers'  ages  at  marriage.    B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  2-21. 

TABLE  18. — Number  of  persons  having  fathers  and  mothers  who  married  at  the  ages  named. 
B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  22-24. 

TABLE  19. — Analysis  of  2,169  cases,  showing  the  number  of  persons  having  fathers  and  mothers 
who  married  at  the  ages  stated  and  the  aggregate  number  of  years  lived  "by  the  persons. 
B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  25-28. 

TABLE  20. — Number  of  persons  having  fathers  and  mothers  who  married  at  the  ages  named, 
arranged  according  to  the  difference  of  age  of  the  parents;  the  aggregate  years  lived  by 
the  persons  and  their  average  ages  at  death.  B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  29-36. 


56  TEE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 

TABLE  21. — Analysis  of  488  fertile  marriages  where  the  ages  at  death  of  the  married  part- 
ners were  both  known  and  the  number  of  children  produced,  showing  the  number  of  mar- 
riages, the  number  of  children,  and  the  number  of  children  per  marriage.  B.  B.  Rec.,  XX, 
135-140. 

Abstracts  of  the  detailed  tables  in  the  Beinn  Bhreagh  Recorder,  with   graphical  dia- 
grams.    B.  B.  Rec.,  XIX,  242-268. 

2.    STUDIES  OF  THE  HYDE  STATISTICS 

TABLE  — . — Number  living  at  each  age,  number  died  at  each  age,  and  per  cent  died  at  each  age. 
(A  study  of  Table  3.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  VIII,  287-298. 

TABLE   A.— Average  age  at  death.     (A  study  of  Table  3.)     B.  B.  Rec.,  IX,  98-103. 

TABLE  B. — Average  age  of  males  at  death.     (A  study  of  Table  3.)    B.  B.  Rec.,  IX,  172-176. 

TABLE   O. — Average  age  of  females  at  death.     (A  study  of  Table  3.)     B.  B.  Rec.,  IX,  177-181. 

TABLE  D. — Total:  By  age  at  death  of  both  parents  and  by  sex.  (A  study  of  Table  6.)  B.  B. 
Rec.,  IX,  182-184. 

TABLE  E. — Age  at  death:  By  father's  and  mother's  ages  at  death.  (A  study  of  Table  6.) 
B.  B.  Rec.,  IX,  232-237. 

TABLE  F. — Age  of  father  when  person  was  born:  By  average  age  at  death.  (A  study  of 
Table  7.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  IX,  265-279.  . 

TABLE  G. — Age  at  death:  By  average  age  of  father  when  person  was  born.  (A  study  of 
Table  7.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  IX,  280-300. 

TABLE  H. — Age  of  mother  when  person  was  born:  By  average  age  at  death.  (A  study  of 
Table  8.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  IX,  315-326. 

TABLE  I. — Age  at  death:  By  average  age  of  mother  when  person  was  born.  (A  study  of 
Table  8.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  IX,  327-346. 

TABLE  J. — Number  of  years  after  marriage  of  parents  person  was  born :  By  average  age  at 
death.  (A  special  study.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  X,  55-90. 

TABLE  K. — Mother's  age  at  marriage:  By  average  age  at  death.  (A  study  of  Table  10.)  B.  B. 
Rec.,  XI,  46-87. 

TABLE  L. — Father's  age  at  marriage:  By  average  age  at  death.  (A  study  of  Table  9.)  B.  B. 
Rec.,  XI,  361-387. 

TABLE  M. — Number  in  family:  By  age  at  death.  (A  study  of  Table  5.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  XII,  344- 
353. 

TABLE   N.— Sex:    By  age  at  death.     (A  study  of  Table  3.)     B.  B.  Rec.,  XII,  415-421. 

TABLE  O. — Analysis  of  1,594  cases  in  which  the  ages  at  death  of  the  persons  and  of  both  of 
their  parents  were  stated,  showing  the  number  and  percentages  of  persons  who  lived  to 
be  eighty  years  of  age  or  older.  (A  study  of  Table  13.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  94-99. 

TABLE  P. — Analysis  of  1,594  cases  in  which  the  ages  at  death  of  the  persons  and  of  both  of 
their  parents  were  stated,  showing  the  number  of  persons  having  fathers  and  mothers 
who  died  at  the  age-periods  named,  and  the  average  duration  of  life  of  the  persons  and  of 
their  fathers  and  mothers.  (A  study  of  Table  13.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  118-121. 

TABLE  Q. — An  analysis  of  843  fertile  marriages  of  795  males,  showing  the  number  of  children 
produced  from  fathers  who  died  at  the  age-periods  named  and  the  average  number  of  chil- 
dren per  father  and  per  marriage.  (A  study  of  Table  in  B.  B.  Rec.,  XIX,  267.)  B.  B. 
Rec.,  XX,  153-158. 

TABLE  R. — An  analysis  of  671  fertile  marriages  of  671  females,  showing  the  number  of  chil- 
dren produced  from  mothers  who  died  at  the  age-periods  named  and  the  average  number 
of  children  per  marriage.  B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  159-162. 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  HYDE  GENEALOGY  57 

TABLE  S. — Analysis  of  2,605  cases  where  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  father's  age  at 
marriage  were  both  stated,  showing  the  number  having  fathers  who  married  at  the  age- 
periods  named,  the  aggregate  years  lived  by  the  persons,  and  their  average  ages  at  death. 
(A  study  of  Table  in  B.  B.  Rec.,  XIX,  261.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  176-179. 

TABLE  T. — Analysis  of  2,309  cases  where  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  mother's  age  at 
marriage  were  both  stated,  showing  the  number  having  mothers  who  married  at  the  age- 
periods  named,  the  aggregate  years  lived  by  the  persons,  and  their  average  ages  at  death. 
(A  study  of  Table  in  B.  B.  Rec.,  XIX,  262.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  180-182. 

TABLE  U. — Analysis  of  2,756  cases  where  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  age  of  the  father 
when  the  person  was  born  were  both  stated,  showing  the  number  born  to  fathers  of  the 
ages  specified,  the  aggregate  years  lived  by  the  persons,  and  their  average  ages  at  death. 
(A  study  of  Table  in  B.  B.  Rec.,  XIX,  263.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  187-191. 

TABLE  V. — Analysis  of  2,386  cases  where  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  age  of  the  mother 
when  the  person  was  born  were  both  stated,  showing  the  number  born  to  mothers  of  the 
ages  specified,  the  aggregate  years  lived  by  the  person,  and  their  average  ages  at  death. 
(A  study  of  Table  in  B.  B.  Rec.,  XIX,  264.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  192-194. 

TABLE  W. — Analysis  of  2,757  cases  where  the  person's  age  at  death  and  the  number  of  years 
after  the  marriage  of  the  parents  the  person  was  born  were  both  stated,  showing  the  num- 
ber of  persons  born  the  specified  years  after  the  marriage  of  their  parents,  the  aggregate 
years  lived  by  the  persons,  and  their  average  ages  at  death.  (A  study  of  Table  in  B.  B. 
Rec.,  XIX,  265.)  B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  195-200. 

TABLE   X. — Duration  of  life  of  persons  compared  with  number  in  family  (siblings).     (A  study 
of  Table  in  B.  B.  Rec.,  XIX,  266.)     B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  201-204. 
Conclusion  of  the  Hyde  Investigation.    B.  B.  Rec.,  XX,  229-242. 

A  complete  copy  of  the  Beinn  Bhreagh  Recorder  is  preserved  in  the  Library  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C.,  where  it  is  accessible  to  the  public. 

The  card  catalogue  used  in  the  preparation  of  the  foregoing  tables  has  been  pre- 
served in  the  Genealogical  Eecord  Office,  Volta  Building,  1601  Thirty-fifth  street,  "Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  where  it  is  available  for  further  research  work  by  others. 

A.  G.  B. 


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